BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

Previous research has examined the relationship between CSR and innovation and has suggested that the former might positively affect the latter; however, the impact of CSR on innovation success needs further attention. This study aims to develop a deeper understanding of how environmental and social CSR are related to innovation performance and whether the implementation of organizational practices might moderate this relationship. The results are based on an unbalanced panel of 14,313 observations of 3713 firms covering 2011–2015. Using random-effects probit models and the estimation of average marginal effects (AMEs), this paper contributes to the literature on CSR by explaining how CSR dimensions affect innovation success differently and by addressing how this effect is influenced by organizational innovation. The results show that while environmental CSR orientation proves beneficial for the generation of process innovation, social CSR orientation contributes to the generation of both kinds of technological innovations only when internal organizational practices are implemented. This study provides valuable insights for managers aiming to implement a CSR perspective in their strategies to support the pursuit of innovation., The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding
received through the PID2020-115018RB-C31 (AEI/ FEDER, UE),
PID2020-114460GB-C32 (AEI / FEDER, UE) and RTI2018-093791-
B-C21 (AEI/ FEDER, UE) research projects financed by the Spanish
Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and the European
Regional Development Funds. Open Access funding provided by Universidad Pública de
Navarra.

This paper examines how diversity dimensions, namely gender, skills and education, in R&D teams interact to
drive innovation. Our research supports the hypothesis that surface-level diversity might negatively affect R&D
team performance when interacting with deep-level diversity. Further, the study considers the mediating effect
of social capital to extract value from diverse R&D teams. Social capital favours social interaction by developing
harmonious interpersonal relationships among diverse team members. Research hypotheses were tested using
the Spanish Technological Innovation Panel (PITEC) for the period 2008-2015. Our mediated-moderation model
suggests that high diversity in education or skills in gender diverse teams might adversely affect innovation
performance, although the mediating role of R&D social capital diminishes this outcome. This study provides
valuable insights for managers aiming to benefit from diversity in R&D teams while minimizing the conflict and
mistrust associated with excessive diversity., The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding received through the ECO2017-86305-C4-4-R (AEI / FEDER, UE) and RTI2018-093791-B-C21 research projects financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and the European Regional Development Funds.

En este estudio se analiza el efecto de la diversidad en los equipos de I+D sobre el desempeño innovador tanto de forma individual como cuando interaccionan varias dimensiones de diversidad. Con una base de datos de empresas españolas nuestros resultados muestran que en general la diversidad de los equipos favorece el desempeño innovador. Sin embargo, cuando dos o más dimensiones de diversidad interaccionan conjuntamente dentro de los equipos de I+D el efecto sobre el desempeño innovador, aunque positivo, es menor que cuando solo existe un tipo de diversidad. Los resultados sugieren que un exceso de diversidad conduce a una fragmentación de los equipos de I+D en subgrupos homogéneos (faultlines) que pueden generar conflicto y desconfianza entre los miembros de los equipos de I+D y por lo tanto aminorar el desempeño innovador., Este trabajo se ha beneficiado de la financiación procedente de los proyectos ECO2017-86305-C4- 4-R (AEI / FEDER, UE) y RTI2018-093791-B-C21 financiados por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades.

The purpose of the paper is to explore the multi-dimensional and intersecting
nature of proximity to drive innovation performance. Applying a multidimensional
proximity framework, the study provides a deeper understanding of
the importance of substitution and overlap mechanisms in the relation between
geographical and cognitive proximity dimensions in innovation performance. The
paper further analyses the moderation effect of organisational innovation in this
relationship. Multivariate analysis proves the interaction effects between geographical
and cognitive proximity, where cognitive proximity both substitutes and
complements geographical proximity. However, external knowledge search for
innovation along proximity dimensions differs depending on the type of innovation.
Our findings corroborate the proximity paradox caused by lock-in effects
with the optimal level of proximity influenced by the interdependencies between
proximity dimensions. This inverse U-shaped relationship is flatter for firms that
have adopted organisational innovation. External knowledge linkages should be
tailored to the favourable characteristic of proximity to enhance firm innovation
performance., The authors acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under Grants PID2020-115018RB-C31 and RTI2018-093791-B-C21. Open accesss funding provided by the Public University of Navarra.

Digital transformation affects all stages of the agri-food value chain. Digitalisation is being combined with innovations and eco-innovations to gain a competitive advantage and ensure greater sustained competitiveness. However, not all technologies have been implemented in the same way and at the same pace by the different companies in the agri-food sector. The aim of this research is to identify the internal and external drivers of digitalisation in agri-food companies and to develop a synthetic index to rank companies based on those drivers, before examining the relationship between the position in the ranking and innovation. The results reveal that the decisive drivers are management support and competitive pressure rather than external support from government policies or suppliers. Higher ranking companies in terms of the digitalisation process are more proactive in introducing product and radical innovations and are the most eco-innovative and thus sustainability-oriented. Finally, results show that the digitalisation of the sector is marked by the depth of technology implementation, specifically IoT, big data and artificial intelligence. Blockchain technology does not currently make a difference as it is not widely used., This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the FEDER Funds (EU) “Una manera de hacer Europa”, through the RTI2018-093791-B-C21 and RTI2018-093791-B-C22 research projects.

The effect of nutritional labels and claims on consumer behavior is far from being a minor
topic given that consumers’ are increasingly interested in healthy eating and products. It is
often said that because consumers are susceptible to several factors during the purchase
process, such as contextual and product attribute variables, their attitudes toward food
labeling are changeable. However, much of the literature on consumers’ attitudes towards
food labels has focused on studying the effects of these factors separately, and little is known
about their interplay in the presence of food labels. Furthermore, there is a need for more indepth
understanding of the emerging contextual factors that shape consumers’ attitudes
towards food labels. Therefore, the objective of this thesis is to investigate the contextual and
product attributes determinants of consumer attitudes towards food labels. To do so,
consumers’ attitudes towards food labels were investigated through four empirical studies
addressing the factors that influence these attitudes. The first study examines consumers’ personal (e.g., health consciousness and understanding
nutritional labels) and product attributes factors (e.g., price and packaging) by analyzing how
specifically the COVID-19 risk perception moderates such factors towards the use of
nutritional labels and claims. Results show that there is an increase in the use of nutritional
labels and claims in both countries during COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, COVID-19
risk perception enhances this health behavior by reducing the importance of product price and packaging. The second study investigates the mediating role of consumers’ attitudes
towards health claims in the relationship between consumers’ interest in health claims and
their willingness to pay for health claims in extra virgin olive oil. Furthermore, we explore
the moderation effect of COVID-19 risk perception in the relationship between consumers’
interest in and attitudes towards health claims. Results confirm the mediating role of
consumers’ attitudes towards health claims. Moreover, the relationship between consumers’
interest and their attitudes towards health claims was stronger when COVID-19 risk
perception was higher. The third study presents an innovative approach using Twitter data to analyse how Twitter users’ characteristics (followers and followings) and their context (crisis
conditions, community healthy eating and exercise habits) determine food safety-related sentiments during health crises. Results reveal that users with a high followings number
express fewer positive sentiments, while it is the opposite for users with a high number of followers. COVID-19 cases exacerbate the propensity of communities with healthy eating
habits to express fewer positive sentiments. Regarding community exercise habits, users
within these communities tend to express fewer positive sentiments; however, this propensity
is weakened by epidemic conditions. Finally, the fourth study focuses on the impact of health
claims presented to the consumers along with the sensory attributes on their purchasing intentions, and examines to what extent sensory attributes mediate the relationship between the presence of health claims and consumers’ purchasing intentions. The sensory attributes
taste and aftertaste partially mediate the relationship between the presence of health claims
and consumers’ purchasing intentions. Furthermore, consumers rated the sensory attributes
higher in the presence of health claims. This thesis contributes to the consumer behavior field by contextualizing the consumers’
attitudes towards food labels and providing valuable insights for understanding the personal, cultural, contextual and product attributes factors triggering consumer behavior toward food
labels. Our findings highlight the importance of contextual factors as well as product
attributes factors, which have consequences for improving food labels in a way that is
compatible with customers' needs and preferences. This research enhances our understanding
of how the interplay of different factors affect consumer’s attitudes toward food labels, which
has implications for policies aimed at improving consumer welfare as individual that reflects
on the wellbeing of the public health., The research reported in this dissertation has been supported financially by the European
Union's H2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant
Agreement No 801586, and from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and
European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) RTI2018-093791-B-C21 (MCIU, AEI/FEDER, UE, Programa de Doctorado en Economía, Empresa y Derecho (RD 99/2011), Ekonomiako, Enpresako eta Zuzenbideko Doktoretza Programa (ED 99/2011)

This study sheds light on the relationship between agglomeration, entrepreneurs' internal resources and capabilities, and new ventures' innovativeness using a multilevel framework. We argue that the urban agglomeration
of economic agents within a country has an inverted U-shaped relationship with new ventures' innovativeness,
suggesting that both insufficient and excessive agglomeration might be detrimental to entrepreneurial innovativeness. Additionally, we perform interactions between individual level factors and urban agglomeration to
examine the differential effects of entrepreneurs' internal resources and capabilities. Results confirm our
hypothesising that the geographical concentration of economic agents within a country exerts an inverted Ushaped influence on new ventures' innovativeness. Furthermore, we find that entrepreneurs with higher levels of
education or prior entrepreneurial experience are better equipped to benefit from agglomeration and to mitigate
its negative effects; in contrast, at low levels of agglomeration, entrepreneurs with lower resources exhibit
increasing marginal returns. Entrepreneurs in contact with other entrepreneurs are better positioned to deal with
agglomeration externalities although their benefits and drawbacks are intensified. Our research contributes to
the understanding of agglomeration externalities and entrepreneurial innovativeness, its non-linear dynamics
and differential effects., Project RTI2018-093791-B-C21 (MCIU, AEI/FEDER, UE). The authors acknowledge the financial support from Project RTI2018-093791-B-C21 (MCIU, AEI/FEDER, UE).

This paper explored how institutional voids (market-unfriendly regulations and corruption) in the home country affect the internationalization degree of early-stage entrepreneurs in Africa. We examined the contingent roles of entrepreneurial networks and gender in the relationship between these institutional voids and entrepreneurs’ internationalization degree. We used 2003–2017 GEM data from 17 African countries and applied multilevel-ordered logistic models. Our analysis revealed that market-unfriendly regulations have a negative effect on the entrepreneurs’ internationalization degree and that corruption, in line with the escapism view, has a positive effect. Our results indicated that entrepreneurs engage in networking bricolage to internationalize their ventures and overcome context limitations. They also suggested that the internationalization degree of female entrepreneurs increases in market-unfriendly regulatory environments. Finally, our results showed that the ‘escapism effect’ of corruption is greater for female entrepreneurs; however, for female entrepreneurs with medium and large internationalization degrees, this context imposes additional constraints on them., This work was supported by the Project RTI2018-093791-B-C21 (MCIU, AEI/FEDER, UE).

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a substantial threat to people's lives and raised health concerns. This research explores the mediating role of consumers' attitudes towards health claims in the relationship between consumers' interest in health claims and their willingness to pay (WTP) for health claims in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Additionally, we examine the moderation effect of COVID-19 risk perception in the relationship between consumers' interest in and attitudes towards health claims. Data were collected through an online survey in three countries: Spain, the UK and Chile. Findings confirm the mediating role of consumers' attitudes towards health claims. Furthermore, the relationship between consumers' interest and their attitudes towards health claims was stronger when COVID-19 risk perception was higher., This research has been funded by the European Union's H2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 801586 and from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) RTI2018-093791-B-C21 (MCIU, AEI/FEDER, UE).

CONTEXT: The agri-food system is undergoing pervasive changes in business models, facilitated by the use of digital technologies. Although today it is almost inevitable for any business to adopt some level of digital transformation to strengthen their competitiveness, this transition in the agri-food sector could be more complex, given its characteristics. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to analyse worldwide the perceptions of new digital technologies in the agri-food sector expressed within social media platforms, identifying the differences that may exist between them regarding its objectives and social acceptance. METHODS: This paper examines the information regarding digital transformation process in the agri-food sector disseminated worldwide on Twitter. For that purpose, Twitter API is used to gather tweets and descriptive and content analyses, including a sentiment analysis, are performed using R and MAXQDA software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We found that the digitalization of the agri-food sector is broadly discussed within Twitter. Different actors participate in these information flows, being companies and digital solution providers the most active users and academics and governmental institutions the most visible. Artificial Intelligence was the most mentioned technology, that together with the Internet of Things, Big Data, Machine Learning, and Cloud Computing, was related to improving production efficiencies, crop yield, or cost reduction. In the case of Blockchain Technology, it was closer to food supply chain actors, such as distribution companies and marketers. However, all these technologies are connected to the concept of sustainability. The sentiment analysis showed a generally positive tone, indicating social acceptance regarding the starting phase of the adoption of these technologies. The study also identified differences among countries, pointing to a stronger level of engagement with these technologies in developed regions. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic was seen as a chance to boost the digital transformation in the sector all over the world. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results demonstrate that data harvested from Twitter provide useful insight into perceptions of digital transformation and different digital technologies in the agri-food value chain across different countries. Information that could be useful for researchers, but also for agricultural firms and policymakers., This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the FEDER Funds (EU) “Una manera de hacer Europa”, through the RTI2018-093791-B-C21 research project.

Aim of study: To understand how a consumer’s decision-making process on wine choice varies when faced with labels introducing either a scratch-and-sniff strip or a Thermo-sensitive indicator as a novelty. Area of study: Navarre (Spain). Material and methods: This study applies the laddering survey method based on means-end chain theory to link product attributes to consumption benefits and values pursued. Main results: In the context of these sensory innovations in labeling, the brand name of a product ceases to be of importance in this sector, with the new label becoming the relevant issue, associated with quality and aspects related to social wine consumption. In addition to this, these innovations make the decision-making process more complex by including more aspects of consumers’ personalities. Research highlights: For innovative labeling introducing sensory cues, the complexity of consumers’ selection process increases, the wine brand loses importance and the label design gains importance as a signal of quality. Labeling innovations could be a great opportunity for wine companies with low marketplace positioning to improve their position and obtain better results in a highly competitive market., Funding agencies/institutions: Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MCIU); AEI/FEDER, European Union. Project / Grant: RTI2018-093791-B-C21

This research contends that MNEs from polluting and emerging countries are subject to liabilities of origin that
compel them to signal that they differ from the stereotypes of their home countries to attain environmental
legitimacy. ISO 14001 adoption, which signals a commitment to environmental protection, may help MNEs from
polluting and emerging countries overcome their legitimacy deficits. The wider the scope of ISO 14001 adoption,
the greater its power to signal environmental awareness, and therefore, the greater its efficacy in counteracting
liabilities of origin. Accordingly, this research proposes that the scope of ISO 14001 adoption by MNEs from the
considered countries is wider than that of MNEs that are not subject to liabilities of origin. This contention is
tested in a multisector sample of 733 MNEs over the period 2002–2019., The authors acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 under Grants PID2020-114460GB-C32 , PID2020-113265GB-C21 , and RTI2018-093791-B-C21 .

A large body of literature has supported the idea that both food-intrinsic sensory attributes (e.g., taste, aroma, etc.) and food-extrinsic attributes (e.g., origin, health claims etc.) play a crucial role in consumers’ purchase intentions. However, it is still uncertain how the presence of health claims in the era of high prevalence of diseases and viruses (e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic) might impact sensory attributes, and therefore shape consumers’ purchase intentions. Thus, the aim of the study is to (i) investigate the impact of health claims presented to the consumers along with the sensory attributes on their purchasing intentions, and (ii) examine to what extent sensory attributes mediate the relationship between the presence of health claims and consumers’ purchasing intentions. For that purpose, sensory analysis of a healthy food product (extra virgin olive oil (EVOO)) was conducted to examine consumers’ interest in health claims in two scenarios: an informed scenario without health claims (n = 102) and an informed scenario with health claims (n = 105). The findings from a Structural Equation Model using STATA software suggest that the presence of health claims positively affects purchase intentions for EVOO. The sensory attributes taste and aftertaste partially mediate the relationship between the presence of health claims and consumers’ purchasing intentions. Furthermore, consumers rated the sensory attributes higher in the presence of health claims. Therefore, the food industry should focus on ways to improve consumers’ sensory and health perspectives by producing not only healthier food products with health claims but also tastier products than the ones available in the market. Moreover, food companies and marketers can make health claims more effective by targeting consumers’ preferences and developing marketing campaigns using claims that are essential for promoting extra-virgin olive oil., This work was supported by the European Union's H2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 801586, and from the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) RTI2018-093791-B-C21 (MCIU, AEI/FEDER, UE). Open access funding provided by Universidad Pública de Navarra.

This study examines how European food companies can operationally leverage the value created by strategic alliances into commercially viable products. More importantly, it emphasizes that the effects of alliance portfolio diversity (APD) on radical innovation performance can be achieved not only directly, but also via moderating roles, that is, the firm's social capital and the level of competitiveness of the country. Using three waves of the European Community Innovation Survey, our results show that the optimal level of APD varied depending on the industry in which the company operates (food manufacturing industry vs. the rest of manufacturing industries). Furthermore, social capital seems to be a crucial factor to mitigate the difficulties of leveraging very diverse knowledge from partners, especially in the food manufacturing industry. Moreover, the external environmental context where the firm is operating, measured as the growth competitive index that reflects the competitive level of the country, was shown to have an influence on the firms' innovative efforts.[EconLit Citations: M10, 013, 036]., This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) “Una manera de hacer Europa”, through the RTI2018-093791 research project. Open access funding provided by Universidad Pública de Navarra.

[EN] European Political Science (EPS) has been a leading political science journal since its launch in 2001. This article examines the contribution of European Political Science over its 20-year history. The bibliometric analysis draws on Web of Science data and VOSviewer software. These tools help detect collaboration networks, bibliographic coupling and co-citations to identify the most relevant topics and knowledge appearing in European Political Science. The evaluation of EPS reveals four areas of interest: migration, education, comparative politics and democracy. Recent interests include the current debate on populisms, social media and political parties, with antecedents and implications that transcend national boundaries., This research benefitted from: (i) grants RTI2018-093791-B-C21 and RTI2018-093791-B-C22 funded by Ministry of Science and Innovation and ERDF. (ii) GV063/19 by Generalitat Valenciana.

[EN] Digital transformation affects all stages of the agri-food value chain. Digitalisation is being combined with innovations and eco-innovations to gain a competitive advantage and ensure greater sustained competitiveness. However, not all technologies have been implemented in the same way and at the same pace by the different companies in the agri-food sector. The aim of this research is to identify the internal and external drivers of digitalisation in agri-food companies and to develop a synthetic index to rank companies based on those drivers, before examining the relationship between the position in the ranking and innovation. The results reveal that the decisive drivers are management support and competitive pressure rather than external support from government policies or suppliers. Higher ranking companies in terms of the digitalisation process are more proactive in introducing product and radical innovations and are the most eco-innovative and thus sustainability-oriented. Finally, results show that the digitalisation of the sector is marked by the depth of technology implementation, specifically IoT, big data and artificial intelligence. Blockchain technology does not currently make a difference as it is not widely used., This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the FEDER Funds (EU) "Una manera de hacer Europa", through the RTI2018-093791-B-C21 and RTI2018-093791-B-C22 research projects.

[EN] Many rural regions are characterised by low technology-intensive activities. Their predominant focus is often on primary, agri-food, and natural resources and services sectors, and there is a competitive gap with respect to urban regions. The objective of this article is to determine the contribution of the innovation system to regional development, distinguishing between rural and urban regions. Qualitative comparative analysis was used to study 256 EU NUTS 2 regions. The analysis helped identify 'recipes' of drivers of regional competitiveness in rural and urban regions. These innovation recipes consist of varying combinations of private and public R&D expenditure, the presence or absence of top-ranked universities and the percentage of SMEs that collaborate in innovation activities. In rural regions, excellence in higher education combined with strong public and private R&D offers an important recipe for regional competitiveness. Alternative pathways include the presence of business collaboration as a driver of competitiveness, This research benefitted from: (1) Grants RTI2018-093791-B-C21 and RTI2018-093791-B-C22 funded by Ministerio de Ciencia. Innovacion y Universidades and FEDER. (2) GV063/19 by Generalitat Valenciana.

[EN] Based on fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), this paper examines the interactions between the presence or absence of regional and national top-ranked research universities and other innovation-related conditions that foster regional competitiveness in the European Union context. We evaluated the effect of a region's membership in different regional clusters as characterized by the following conditions: inter-firm collaboration in innovation activities, public R&D expenditure, private R&D expenditure as well as ranking in the list of the world's top 300 (or top 100) universities. As one region might benefit from the presence of a local top-ranked university and/or from spillover effects from other national universities, we distinguish between the presence of universities within the region or elsewhere in the same country. Our results suggest that some conditions are necessary to achieve the outcome of being a "competitive region," including having at least one top-300-ranked university in the same country (EU member state). Nevertheless, this attribute is not individually sufficient to incur the outcome of regional competitiveness. Our findings support the idea that the closeness of top-ranked universities does not itself guarantee regional competitiveness; instead, having an excellent research university within the same member state is only one of numerous configurations which may lead to a region's success. These results support evidence in recent literature that leading research universities may be geographically connected to a wide network of actors with external knowledge interactions., This research was supported by: (i) grants RTI2018-093791-B-C21 and RTI2018-093791-B-C22 funded by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades and FEDER. (ii) GV063/19 by Generalitat Valenciana.

Purpose:
This paper investigates the use of Twitter for studying the social representations of different regions across the world towards new food trends.

Design/methodology/approach:
A density-based clustering algorithm was applied to 7,014 tweets to identify regions of consumers sharing content about food trends. The attitude of their social representations was addressed with the sentiment analysis, and grid maps were used to explore subregional differences.

Findings:
Twitter users have a weak, positive attitude towards food trends, and significant differences were found across regions identified, which suggests that factors at the regional level such as cultural context determine users' attitude towards food innovations. The subregional analysis showed differences at the local level, which reinforces the evidence that context matters in consumers' attitude expressed in social media.

Research limitations/implications:
The social media content is sensitive to spatio-temporal events. Therefore, research should take into account content, location and contextual information to understand consumers' perceptions. The methodology proposed here serves to identify consumers' regions and to characterize their attitude towards specific topics. It considers not only administrative but also cognitive boundaries in order to analyse subsequent contextual influences on consumers' social representations.

Practical implications:
The approach presented allows marketers to identify regions of interest and localize consumers' attitudes towards their products using social media data, providing real-time information to contrast with their strategies in different areas and adapt them to consumers' feelings.

Originality/value:
This study presents a research methodology to analyse food consumers' understanding and perceptions using not only content but also geographical information of social media data, which provides a means to extract more information than the content analysis applied in the literature.

This study sheds light on the relationship between agglomeration, entrepreneurs' internal resources and capabilities, and new ventures' innovativeness using a multilevel framework. We argue that the urban agglomeration of economic agents within a country has an inverted U-shaped relationship with new ventures' innovativeness, suggesting that both insufficient and excessive agglomeration might be detrimental to entrepreneurial innovativeness. Additionally, we perform interactions between individual level factors and urban agglomeration to examine the differential effects of entrepreneurs' internal resources and capabilities. Results confirm our hypothesising that the geographical concentration of economic agents within a country exerts an inverted U-shaped influence on new ventures' innovativeness. Furthermore, we find that entrepreneurs with higher levels of education or prior entrepreneurial experience are better equipped to benefit from agglomeration and to mitigate its negative effects; in contrast, at low levels of agglomeration, entrepreneurs with lower resources exhibit increasing marginal returns. Entrepreneurs in contact with other entrepreneurs are better positioned to deal with agglomeration externalities although their benefits and drawbacks are intensified. Our research contributes to the understanding of agglomeration externalities and entrepreneurial innovativeness, its non-linear dynamics and differential effects.

This study aims to offer a basis for developing appropriate response strategies through understanding tourists’ natural perceptions related to their rural tourism experiences and the characteristics of the rural tourism market segments. To achieve this purpose, the netnography methodology, which is an online participatory observation technique based on user-generated online content that enables market researchers to observe natural consumer behaviors, was conducted on 1002 tourists’ opinions in three online communities. Qualitative information derived from netnography combined with quantitative tools, multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analysis, allows for the segmentation of the rural tourism market. It has been confirmed that three market segments exist in rural tourism in Spain and three corresponding themes have also been derived from the results; comfort-driven visitor, rural ambiance spender, and active leisure seeker. This study is significant in that it began with the qualitative collection of user-generated online content from netnography and finished with the quantitative segmentation of the market based on tourist experiences.

Understanding the effects of choice attributes on rural tourism has been important in order to find the way to offer services and products that can appeal to customers. The goal of this investigation in rural tourism is the exploration of tourist preferences and the examination of the individual determinants of these preferences. To achieve this goal, the survey was conducted on 452 tourists who live in either Madrid or Barcelona and best-worst discrete choice experiments were also applied. The results revealed that tourists choose the rural tourism that is expected to have the highest utility after comprehensive consideration of various attributes. Relatively important attributes for preferences were staff hospitality, outdoor activities, additional facilities, and location.

Purpose – This paper aims to offer an experiential segmentation based on the analysis of comments from wine tourists from different Mexican wine regions, using Netnography as a data collection tool.

Methodology – The netnography methodology was applied in three steps: first, collection of consumer opinions (TripAdvisor 1,240 opinions, 2017-2019) during visits to 20 wineries in four regions. Second, organization of data by classifying the various experiences. Third, application of multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analysis to consolidate four segments taking as reference 4Es Model.

Findings - The results show that Baja California is divided between the aesthetic and wine focus segments. Coahuila wine tourists are more related to the educational segment, while tourist who visit Queretaro are more related to the activities of the entertainment segment.

Practical Implications – The results provide to the stakeholders (wineries, State tourism departments, wine tourism marketers and wine tourism researchers) a segmentation proposal focused on tourist experiences in order to improve marketing programs and wine tourism offerings.

Originality – The use of netnography as a tool for wine tourism research in Mexico is a proposal that has not been explored until now. In addition, this study considers different Mexican wine regions, which allows for comparisons and relationships between them that can contribute to greater market differentiation.

Limitations - The scarce literature that exists regarding wine tourism in Mexico made certain comparisons and relationships to our results difficult to establish.

This study sheds light on the relationship between agglomeration, entrepreneurs' internal resources and capabilities, and new ventures' innovativeness using a multilevel framework. We argue that the urban agglomeration of economic agents within a country has an inverted U-shaped relationship with new ventures' innovativeness, suggesting that both insufficient and excessive agglomeration might be detrimental to entrepreneurial innovativeness. Additionally, we perform interactions between individual level factors and urban agglomeration to examine the differential effects of entrepreneurs' internal resources and capabilities. Results confirm our hypothesising that the geographical concentration of economic agents within a country exerts an inverted U-shaped influence on new ventures' innovativeness. Furthermore, we find that entrepreneurs with higher levels of education or prior entrepreneurial experience are better equipped to benefit from agglomeration and to mitigate its negative effects; in contrast, at low levels of agglomeration, entrepreneurs with lower resources exhibit increasing marginal returns. Entrepreneurs in contact with other entrepreneurs are better positioned to deal with agglomeration externalities although their benefits and drawbacks are intensified. Our research contributes to the understanding of agglomeration externalities and entrepreneurial innovativeness, its non-linear dynamics and differential effects.

Rice is a crop that contributes significantly both to food security and to ensure adequate income levels for farmers. This motivates efforts in many countries to disseminate techniques that increase production while being environmentally friendly and affordable to small farmers. The objective of this article is to study the process of adoption of innovations in rice cultivation in Ecuador. Four practices that increase yields and improve natural resource management have been selected: land leveling, certified seed, widely spaced transplanting, and the use of harvesting machinery. For each of them, the factors that most influence their adoption are studied: human and social capital, and institutional support for agriculture. In addition, the interrelations of some practices with others are analyzed. Multivariate probit estimation shows that education is the main factor that increases the probability of adopting these practices. And with unequal incidence are associationism, access to credit and insurance. The complementarities found between different practices point to the convenience of promoting them jointly to take advantage of their synergies.