BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

[EN] International trade in food knows no borders, hence the need for prevention systems to avoid the consumption of products that are harmful to health. This paper proposes the use of multicriteria risk prevention tools that consider the socioeconomic and institutional conditions of food exporters. We propose the use of three decision-making methods-Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Elimination et Choix Traduisant la Realite (ELECTRE), and Cross-Efficiency (CE)-to establish a ranking of countries that export cereals to the European Union, based on structural criteria related to the detection of potential associated risks (notifications, food quality, corruption, environmental sustainability in agriculture, and logistics). In addition, the analysis examines whether the wealth and institutional capacity of supplier countries influence their position in the ranking. The research was carried out biannually over the period from 2012-2016, allowing an assessment to be made of the possible stability of the markets. The results reveal that suppliers' rankings based exclusively on aspects related to food risk differ from importers' actual choices determined by micro/macroeconomic features (price, production volume, and economic growth). The rankings obtained by the three proposed methods are not the same, but present certain similarities, with the ability to discern countries according to their level of food risk. The proposed methodology can be applied to support sourcing strategies. In the future, food safety considerations could have increased influence in importing decisions, which would involve further difficulties for low-income countries., Ministry of Science and Innovation (Spain) and European Commission-ERDF. Project "Strengthening innovation policy in the agri-food sector" (RTI2018-093791-B-C22).

[EN] Based on fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), this paper examines the interactions between the presence or absence of regional and national top-ranked research universities and other innovation-related conditions that foster regional competitiveness in the European Union context. We evaluated the effect of a region's membership in different regional clusters as characterized by the following conditions: inter-firm collaboration in innovation activities, public R&D expenditure, private R&D expenditure as well as ranking in the list of the world's top 300 (or top 100) universities. As one region might benefit from the presence of a local top-ranked university and/or from spillover effects from other national universities, we distinguish between the presence of universities within the region or elsewhere in the same country. Our results suggest that some conditions are necessary to achieve the outcome of being a "competitive region," including having at least one top-300-ranked university in the same country (EU member state). Nevertheless, this attribute is not individually sufficient to incur the outcome of regional competitiveness. Our findings support the idea that the closeness of top-ranked universities does not itself guarantee regional competitiveness; instead, having an excellent research university within the same member state is only one of numerous configurations which may lead to a region's success. These results support evidence in recent literature that leading research universities may be geographically connected to a wide network of actors with external knowledge interactions., This research was supported by: (i) grants RTI2018-093791-B-C21 and RTI2018-093791-B-C22 funded by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades and FEDER. (ii) GV063/19 by Generalitat Valenciana.

[EN] Aim of study: Governance and the knowledge and innovation system (KIS) are interrelated concepts. Knowledge management best practices are linked to KIS performance. This article explores the governance of the leading research, development, and innovation institutes in Ibero-American agriculture, food, and agro-industry sector. The paper reports mapping of the governance of 20 agricultural research institutes.

Area of study: Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal.

Material and methods: In total, 51 strategic objectives for effective governance were identified. Self-evaluation by the National Agricultural Research Institutes (NARIs) was validated at a workshop backed by FONTAGRO, a cooperation mechanism amongst Latin American and the Caribbean countries, Portugal and Spain, and the Ibero-American Network of NARIs.

Main results: As a strength, the key dimension of NARIs appears to be coordination and cooperation. This result was acknowledged in the internal and external evaluations and supports previous research on the relevance of innovation networks in Latin America. By contrast, as a challenge, the key dimension appears to be demand articulation, followed closely by capacity building. Most of the institutes are also well-positioned to develop deeper ties with social and environmental challenges.

Research highlights: In the medium and long term, NARIs should make efforts to improve the processes of organizational evaluation and learning, demand articulation, and strategic direction of the institutions. Improvement in management processes, in addition to best practices for social responsibility and gender equality, appear to be short-term priorities., American Development Bank and the Knowledge Partnership Korea Fund for Technology and Innovation (KPK). Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain and ERDF (European Commission). RTI2018-093791-B-C22

[EN] Many rural regions are characterised by low technology-intensive activities. Their predominant focus is often on primary, agri-food, and natural resources and services sectors, and there is a competitive gap with respect to urban regions. The objective of this article is to determine the contribution of the innovation system to regional development, distinguishing between rural and urban regions. Qualitative comparative analysis was used to study 256 EU NUTS 2 regions. The analysis helped identify 'recipes' of drivers of regional competitiveness in rural and urban regions. These innovation recipes consist of varying combinations of private and public R&D expenditure, the presence or absence of top-ranked universities and the percentage of SMEs that collaborate in innovation activities. In rural regions, excellence in higher education combined with strong public and private R&D offers an important recipe for regional competitiveness. Alternative pathways include the presence of business collaboration as a driver of competitiveness, This research benefitted from: (1) Grants RTI2018-093791-B-C21 and RTI2018-093791-B-C22 funded by Ministerio de Ciencia. Innovacion y Universidades and FEDER. (2) GV063/19 by Generalitat Valenciana.

[EN] In several Spanish regions, collective action through production and marketing cooperatives has traditionally concentrated the food supply of small and medium-sized farms. However, many cooperatives are threatened by the risk of abandonment of members' cropland, which reduces their sourcing capacity. In this context, joint cropland management initiatives have become a useful form of social and organizational innovation. This research's contribution is twofold: it examines the relevance of some drivers of this organizational innovation, and it determines the cooperative characteristics or combinations of characteristics that can sufficiently explain the adoption of a joint cropland management strategy. Some cooperatives' features have been a priori identified as related to the achievement of joint cropland initiatives: economic size, social innovation, innovative behavior, and collaborative orientation. The study is mainly based on data from a cooperatives survey, and fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) methodology has been used. The analysis has been completed by surveying cooperatives' managers about their opinions on a joint cropland management strategy's main advantages and drivers. Results indicate that social and economic innovation, size, and propensity to cooperate with other cooperatives are key factors that help create a cooperative profile capable of tackling the challenge of land abandonment and the consequent loss of production., Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain, European Regional Development Fund, European Commission. Project "Strengthening innovation policy in the agri-food sector" (RTI2018-093791-B-C22).

[EN] COVID-19 has highlighted the fragility of the global economic system. In just a few months, the consequences of the pandemic have left their mark on the affected countries at all levels and without exception. This article analyses the profile of food safety notifications reported by European countries in the first five months of 2020. The aim was to detect possible changes in food safety regulations imposed by control authorities that could aggravate the economic impacts of the pandemic. While COVID-19 does not appear to be a foodborne disease, some outbreaks have been linked to imported food, which might have affected the food control behaviour of importing countries. In this study, contingency tables and clustering were used to assess differences between years and notification characteristics and to detect homogeneous groups to help identify how the reported notifications might have changed. In the period considered in this study, the volume of notifications on most imported foodstuffs decreased considerably. This decrease was a direct consequence of the fall in international trade, which might have increased countries' reliance on domestic sources. The COVID-19 crisis has not caused a substantial change in the profile of European countries¿ in terms of the characteristics of reported notifications (product category and risk decision). However, the worst affected countries have replaced border rejections with alerts, which may indicate greater reliance on intra-EU markets., This research was supported by grant RTI2018-093791-B-C22 funded by Ministry of Science (Spain) and European Regional Development Fund

[EN] Introduction. We investigate the most relevant innovation policy research themes, as well as the authors and journals that produce the most research in this field.
Method. We used bibliometrics combining two main procedures: performance analysis and science mapping.
Analysis. The 2,929 documents under analysis were gathered from the Web of Science Core Collection database considering all years up to and including 2019.
Results. A wide range of bibliometric indicators were used to identify the most cited innovation policy studies, and the most productive and influential authors and journals. Also, bibliometric maps of keyword co-occurrence, authors co-citation and countries co-authorship were depicted to visualize relevant relationships.
Conclusions. This study shows that the combination of bibliometric performance analysis and science mapping offers a tool for evaluators to complement qualitative analyses of a research field. We identified four main findings. First, the main innovation policy research themes are based on three pillars: innovation systems and business, science and knowledge, and governance and sustainability transitions. Second, the leading authors in innovation policy work at institutions in Europe. Third, authors working at institutions in countries with a common or similar language, culture or innovation policy tend to collaborate. Fourth, the top journals in innovation policy reveal an increasing influence of sustainable development and transitions within this field., Norat Roig-Tierno wishes to thank Project [GV/2019/063], funded by the Generalitat Valenciana, and the "Agencia Estatal de Investigacion y el Fondo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)" -RTI2018-093791-B-C22 (MCI, AEI/FEDER, UE) for supporting this research.

[EN] European Political Science (EPS) has been a leading political science journal since its launch in 2001. This article examines the contribution of European Political Science over its 20-year history. The bibliometric analysis draws on Web of Science data and VOSviewer software. These tools help detect collaboration networks, bibliographic coupling and co-citations to identify the most relevant topics and knowledge appearing in European Political Science. The evaluation of EPS reveals four areas of interest: migration, education, comparative politics and democracy. Recent interests include the current debate on populisms, social media and political parties, with antecedents and implications that transcend national boundaries., This research benefitted from: (i) grants RTI2018-093791-B-C21 and RTI2018-093791-B-C22 funded by Ministry of Science and Innovation and ERDF. (ii) GV063/19 by Generalitat Valenciana.

[ES] El objetivo general de esta Tesis ha sido avanzar en el estudio de los determinan-tes o características que pueden conducir a una colaboración exitosa entre los actores del sistema agroalimentario. Para ello, se analizaron las actividades de cooperación desarrolladas por explotaciones agrícolas, empresas agroalimentarias, instituciones y organizaciones vinculadas a la agroalimentación, que realizan ac-tividades innovadoras en España y América Latina y el Caribe (ALC).
La investigación aborda diferentes ámbitos en los que se producen colaboraciones innovadoras. Se trata del ámbito científico, del ámbito de las plataformas multiac-tores y del ámbito de los agricultores y sus instituciones. Se ha estructurado en tres capítulos, correspondientes cada uno a un artículo científico publicado en una revista internacional. Cada uno de ellos aborda un aspecto específico para cumplir el objetivo general que se acaba de señalar.
El primer artículo se titula "Collaboration for social innovation in the agri-food system in Latin America and the Caribbean". Este estudio tiene por objeto reali-zar una revisión del estado del conocimiento, utilizando técnicas bibliométricas, de la colaboración innovadora en los sistemas alimentarios y rurales de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC). Concretamente se analizan las actividades de coopera-ción desarrolladas por explotaciones agrícolas y empresas agroindustriales para emprender actividades innovadoras.
El segundo artículo tiene como título "Collaboration through EIP-AGRI Opera-tional Groups and their role as innovation intermediaries". A través de una en-cuesta a los grupos operativos y mediante un análisis factorial fue posible identifi-car las funciones que estos grupos desarrollan como intermediarios de innovación desde su propia perspectiva. Este tipo de análisis permite abordar la colaboración entre actores de diferentes ámbitos y sectores para cooperar y aportar soluciones innovadoras a los problemas agrícolas.
El tercer artículo, "Drivers of joint cropland management strategies in agri-food cooperatives", estudia la colaboración a través de una estrategia innovadora coor-dinada por las cooperativas. El objetivo principal es avanzar en el conocimiento de las características que presentan las cooperativas que lideran este tipo de iniciati-vas. El estudio se basa principalmente en los datos de una encuesta a cooperati-vas, y se ha utilizado una metodología de Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo (fsQCA).
Los resultados confirman el avance en el estudio de la colaboración innovadora en el sector agroalimentario de ALC. Los principales motores de la colaboración en este ámbito son la innovación social, el conocimiento, la gestión sostenible y el capital social. También se observa un creciente interés en el ámbito científico por estudiar los sistemas de colaboración en ALC. Este interés proviene de científicos de diferentes países, lo que ha generado y potenciado la colaboración internacio-nal de los investigadores.
Los resultados del segundo artículo se centran en las acciones de colaboración desarrolladas por plataformas multiactor, como lo son los Grupos Operativos. Las acciones desarrolladas por estos grupos pueden enmarcarse en las funciones de los intermediarios de la innovación. Tres funciones emergieron como las más realiza-das: la gestión del proceso de innovación, la articulación de la demanda, y el apo-yo institucional y la intermediación de la innovación.
Por último, en el ámbito de los agricultores y sus instituciones, la investigación se centra en los impulsores del éxito de la colaboración. La innovación social y eco-nómica, el tamaño y la propensión a la cooperación son condiciones presentes en las cooperativas que tienen éxito al abordar iniciativas de gestión conjunta de cul, [CA] L'objectiu general d'aquesta Tesi ha estat avançar en l'estudi dels determinants o característiques que poden conduir a una colaboración exitosa entre els actors del sistema agroalimentari. Per a això, s'analitzaren les activitats de cooperación desenvolupades per explotacions agrícolas, empreses agroalimentàries, institucions i organitzacions vinculades a la agroalimentació, que realitzen activitats innovadores a España i Amèrica Llatina i el Carib (ALC).
La investigacicó aborda diferents àmbits en els que es produiexen collaboracions innovadores. Es tracta de l'àmbit científic, de l'àmbit de les plataformes multiactors i de l'àmbit dels agricultors i les seues institucions. S'ha estructurat en tres capítols, corresponents cadascun a un article científic publicat en una revista internacional. Cadascun d'ells aborda un aspecte específic per a acomplir l'objectiu general que s'acaba d'assenyalar.
El primer artícle es titula "Collaboration for social innovation in the agri-food system in Latin America and the Caribbean". Aquest estudi té com a objectiu realitzar una revisió de l'estat del coneixement, utilitzant tècniques bibliomètriques, de la collaboració innovadora en els sistemes alimentaris i rurals d'Amèrica Llatina i el Carib (ALC).
El segon article té com a títol "Collaboration through EIP-AGRI Operational Groups and their role as innovation intermediaries". A través d'una enquesta als grups operatius i mitjançant un anàlisi factorial va ser possible identificar les fun-cions que aquests grups desenvolupen com a intermediaris d'innovació des de la seua pròpia perspectiva.
El tercer artícle, "Drivers of joint cropland management strategies in agri-food cooperatives", estudia la collaboració a través d'una estratègia innovadora coordinada per les cooperatives. L'objectiu principal és avançar en el coneixement de les característiques que presenten les cooperatives que lideren aquest tipus d'iniciatives. L'estudi es basa principalment en les dades d'una enquesta a cooperatives, i s'ha utilitzat una metodologia d'Anàlisi Qualitatiu Comparativo (fsQCA).
Els resultats confirmen l'avançament en l'estudi de la col laboració innovadora en el sector agroalimentari de ALC. Els principals motors de col·laboració en aquest àmbit són la innovació social, el coneixement, la gestió sotenible i el capital social. També s'observa un creixent interès en l'àmbit científic per estudiar els sistemes de col·laboració en ALC. Aquest interès prové de científics de diferents països, el que ha generat i potenciat la col·laboració internacional dels investigadors.
Els resultats del segon article es centren en les accions de col·laboració desenvolupades per plataformes multiactor, com ho són els Grups Operatius. Les accions desenvolupades per aquests grups poden enmarcarse en les funcions dels intermediaris de la innovació. Tres funcions emergeren com les més realitzades: la gestió del procés d'innovació, l'articulació de la demanda, i el suport institucional i la intermediació de la innovació.
Per últim, en l'àmbit dels agricultors i les seues institucions, la investigació es centra en els impulsors de l'éxit de la col·laboració. La innovació social i econòmica, el tamany i la propensió a la cooperació són condicionants presents en les cooperatives que tenen èxit a l'abordar iniciatives de gestió conjunta de cultius.
A partir dels resultats exposats, podem concloure que la colaboració per a la innovació social e en el sector rural pot ser una forma d'abordar els problemes estructurals en dife-rents àmbits. El coneixement dels principals determinants de col·laboració en el medi rural i agroalimentari a Espanya i ALC permetrà prendre millors decisions en les organitzacions públiques i privades per a promoure accions innovadores de cooperació en els territoris rurals. Futures investigacions poden basar-se en aquests resultats i avançar en altres característiques que determinen l'éxit de la col·laboració innovadora en el sector agroalimentari., [EN] The overall aim of this thesis is to identify the determinants of or characteristics that can lead to successful collaboration between actors in the agri-food system. To this end, an analysis is conducted of the cooperation activities developed by farms, agribusiness companies, institutions, and agri-food organisations, which undertake innovative actions in Spain and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC).
The research addresses different domains where innovative collaborations occur; namely, the scientific domain, the multi-actor platform domain, and the domain of farmers and their institutions. The resulting thesis is structured in three chapters, corresponding to three scientific articles published in international journals. Each of them deals with a specific aspect, which together fulfil the aforementioned research objective.
The first article is entitled "Collaboration for social innovation in the agri-food system in Latin America and the Caribbean." Using bibliometric techniques, this study aims to review the state of the knowledge on innovative collaboration in LAC's food and rural systems. Specifically, it analyses the cooperation by farms and agribusiness firms to undertake innovative activities.
The second article is entitled "Collaboration through EIP-AGRI Operational Groups and their role as innovation intermediaries." A survey to operational groups (OG) and a factor analysis are carried out to identify these groups' perspective on their roles as innovation intermediaries. This type of analysis makes it possible to address the collaboration between actors from different fields and sectors aimed at cooperating and providing innovative solutions to agricultural problems.
The third article, "Drivers of joint cropland management strategies in agri-food cooperatives," studies collaboration through an innovative strategy coordinated by cooperatives. The main objective is to advance the knowledge of the characteristics of the cooperatives that head up this type of initiative. The study is mainly based on data from a survey of cooperative managers about their views on the main advantages and drivers of joint land management strategies, and the methodology applied is Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA).
Findings confirm that progress has been made in the study of innovative collaboration in the LAC agri-food sector. The main drivers of collaboration include social innovation, knowledge, sustainable management, and social capital. In the scientific domain, growing academic interest in collaborative systems in LAC can be seen. Studies have been produced by researchers from different countries, which has generated and enhanced collaboration among international researchers.
Results from the second article focus on the collaborative actions developed by multi-actor platforms. These actions can be framed as functions of innovation intermediaries. Three of the most common functions identified are innovation process management, demand articulation, and institutional support and innovation brokering.
Finally, in the domain of farmers and their institutions, the research focuses on the drivers of successful collaboration. Social and economic innovation, size, and propensity for cooperation characterise the cooperatives that successfully take on a joint cropland initiative.
From the results, we can conclude that collaboration for social innovation in the rural sector can be a way to address structural problems in different domains. Knowledge of the main determinants of collaboration in the rural and agri-food environment in Spain and LAC will help public and private organisations to make better decisions aimed at promoting innovative cooperation actions in rural territories. Future research can build on these results and focus on other characteristics that determine successful innovative collaboration in the agri-food sector., Gracias al Proyecto “Strengthening innovation policy in the agri-food sector” (RTI2018-093791-B-C22) financed by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ and “ERDF A way to build Europe”

[EN] National systems of innovation (NSI) have attracted substantial interest from public administrations, the scientific community and international organizations. Innovation is a key factor for countries to be competitive in the today's global economy. Entrepreneurship is an innovation source that has gained importance in NSI research over the last few decades. This focus on entrepreneurship in the context of NSI has led scholars to propose novel concepts such as entrepreneurial ecosystems and the national system of entrepreneurship (NSE). This paper uses bibliometric methods and the Web of Science Core Collection (WoS CC) database to explore how entrepreneurship fits into NSI research and to study the increasing importance of entrepreneurship within this research field. The NSI conceptual framework is developed according to the most common keywords, and the most influential NSI studies are identified using the total number of citations and the ratio number of citations per year. Two sets of studies are analyzed: (1) older documents on traditional topics such as the origins and evolution of NSIs, the capacity of countries to innovate, and the relationships of institutions, different organizational forms, networking, production and competence building with innovation and (2) newer entrepreneurship research documents. Based on analysis of the most common keywords, the most influential studies and multiple entrepreneurship approaches, we propose a Sextuple Helix model as an analytical framework that brings together innovation and entrepreneurship., Alicia Mas Tur wishes to thank Project [GV/2021/121], funded by the Generalitat Valenciana. Norat Roig-Tierno wishes to thank Project [GV/2019/063], funded by the Generalitat Valenciana, and Grant RTI2018-093791-B-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF A way of making Europe.

[EN] Farmland abandonment is common in the southern EU countries. This complex phenomenon has a set of interlinked causes and consequences, among the latter the undermining of farmers' cooperatives role as supply aggregators. The paper discusses a multi-actor farmland consolidation model that avoids some of the drawbacks identified by literature to some models of land mobilization, mostly transaction and agency costs. This model consists on a local-based strategy of common land management, led by a cooperative and supported by a set of external agents. As empirical evidences, we show the attitudes of cooperatives' managers surveyed towards common land management and present a case study implementing this multi-actor model. This piece of evidence shows that strengthening social capital is crucial to the success of these social innovation experiences., The authors are grateful for the financial support of Ministry of Science and Innovation/European Regional Development Fund, Spain. Project "Strengthening innovation policy in the agri-food sector" (RTI2018-093791-B-C22). Data of land management practices in agricultural cooperatives were obtained with the support of Catedra de Estructuras Agrarias UPV-Generalitat Valenciana. They are also grateful to the journal editor and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions which significantly improved this paper.

[EN] This article uses the data indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus databases up to and including the year 2020 to map leading regions and trending topics in academic innovation policy research. The country analysis highlights four leading regions in this research field: Western Europe (led by the UK, the Netherlands, Germany, and Spain), North America (led by the USA), Scandinavia (led by Sweden and Denmark), and Asia-Pacific (led by China and Australia). The most common keywords are used to develop a conceptual framework. Applying the Tree of Science approach, we classify the most influential studies into three categories: foundational studies (the roots), structural studies (the trunk), and recent studies (the leaves). This approach shows that trending topics are built around five main pillars: innovation systems, policy tools, knowledge management, sustainability, and entrepreneurship. Finally, based on analysis of the most common keywords and the most influential studies, we propose a Sextuple Helix model. This model consists of the Quintuple Helix (government, university, industry, knowledge society, and sustainability) with the added dimension of entrepreneurship. This model offers an analytical framework with massive potential for academic research on innovation policy in the current economic context., This work was supported by Generalitat Valenciana: [Grant Number GV063/19]; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades and FEDER: [Grant Number RTI2018-093791-B-C22].

[EN] Aim of study: This study reviews the state of the art of collaboration for social innovation in food and rural systems. The analysis focuses on cooperation by farms and agro-industry companies. The purpose is to identify not only the state of the art of this research topic but also the main authors, the countries where these studies are conducted and the dynamics of research networks in relation to these topics. Area of study: Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Material and methods: The Web of Science database was used to search for articles containing the terms 'cooperation', 'networks', 'innovation', 'social', 'rural' and 'LAC'. Using VOSviewer network creation and analysis software, maps of citations, co-authorship, co -citations and co-occurrence of key-words were created and analysed. Content analysis was then performed. Finally, the research areas that the authors of the analysed articles consider to be of interest for future research were identified. Main results: The results reveal that researchers from Latin America and other regions, especially Europe and the English-speaking world, are showing a growing interest in collaborative systems for development and social innovation in LAC. Research highlights: The analysis enables further progress to be made in identifying the main drivers of collaboration in the LAC rural sector. These main drivers include social innovation, sustainable and social capital., MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF A way of making Europe RTI2018-093791-B-C22

[EN] PhD graduates can help companies transfer knowledge from universities to firms. Scholars have analysed the determinants of PhD recruitment by firms and its effects on their innovation activities. However, little is known about what happens when a firm loses employees with PhDs. The aim of this paper is to compare the effects on the relationships of firms with universities when these firms lose PhDs versus when they hire PhDs to work in R&D. These effects may be symmetrical or non-symmetrical depending on the abilities of firms to retain the connections and knowledge acquired by hiring PhDs. We consider four types of relationships: collaboration with
universities, universities as a source of innovation, academic journals as a source of innovation and the purchase of R&D services from universities. We use data from the Spanish Technological Innovation Panel (PITEC) for the period 2006 to 2015. The results illustrate the central role of PhDs in the linkages between industry and academia. The recruitment of PhDs has a positive effect on collaboration between firms and universities and on the purchase of R&D services from universities. By contrast, the loss of PhDs has a negative effect on collaboration with universities but not on the acquisition of R&D., We would like to thank Daniel Albalate, Abel Lucena and two anonymous reviewers for some extremely helpful suggestions. We are also grateful for the useful comments from participants of the Jornadas de Economia Industrial (Barcelona, September 2018), The Technology Transfer Society Conference (Valencia, October 2018) and Applied Economics Meeting (Cartagena, June 2019), where earlier versions of this paper were presented. Francisco Mas-Verdú wishes to acknowledge support from grant RTI2018-093791-B-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/
10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF A way of making Europe.

[EN] The concept of the regional innovation system (RIS) has received substantial attention from the scientific community, public administrations, and international organisations. This paper presents a systematic quantitative review of RIS research using bibliometric techniques and the Web of Science Core Collection database up to and including the year 2017. Four periods were examined to track the evolution of the RIS concept. The results show that RIS research has grown considerably since 2010, becoming a central research theme in countries focused on a systemic approach toward innovation and in decentralised countries, especially in Western Europe. 'Innovation', 'Europe', 'technology', 'networks', and 'firms' have been the core themes of RIS research since the concept arose in 1992. 'Entrepreneurship' was the major emerging research theme in the 2010s. Since 2010, other emerging topics have appeared, namely 'collaboration', 'organisation', 'triple helix', 'China', 'perspective', 'knowledge bases', and 'governance'. 'Smart specialisation' and 'creation' have been major themes since 2015., This research benefitted from:
i GV063/19 funded by Generalitat Valenciana
ii RTI2018-093791-B-C22 funded by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y
Universidades and FEDER.

[EN] The objective of this research is to investigate the combinations of internal and external factors that lead cluster companies to innovate. The study follows a complex causality approach using Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) with a sample of 166 companies that belong to the Spanish ceramic tile cluster, differentiating between end product firms and specialized industrial firms. The results show how the two groups benefit from different factors when it comes to technological innovations. End product-focused firms benefit from vertical relationships with suppliers and the interaction with supporting organizations like universities, among others. Specialized industrial firms benefit, above all, from a high R&D investment., F. Xavier Molina-Morales and Luis Martínez-Cháfer acknowledge that this research was
funded by Universitat Jaume I under Grant [UJI-B2018-29] and by the Spanish Ministry of
Science, Innovation and Universities under Grant [RTI2018-100823-B-I00]. Norat RoigTierno wishes to thank Project [GV/2019/063], funded by the Generalitat Valenciana, and
the Agencia Estatal de Investigación y el Fondo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) - RTI2018-
093791-B-C22 (MCI, AEI/FEDER, UE) for supporting this research.

[EN] COVID-19 has had serious consequences for world food security; lockdowns and social distancing have led to changes in global food value chains, primarily afecting the poorest of the planet. The aim of this research is to analyse the relationship between food insecurity and the structural risk factors for adverse impacts of COVID-19. To that end, 12 contingency tables are constructed to identify the association between the pillars of the food insecurity index and the INFORM COVID-19 Risk Index. We use the Gamma coefcient as a measure of association. In addition, this paper proposes a synthetic index
produced by applying the TOPSIS method, using the pillars of the two aforementioned indices (criteria) to establish a ranking of 112 countries (alternatives) ordered from highest to lowest risk faced in the key year of the pandemic, 2020. The results show that the two
problems are connected, indicating to international organizations that countries with worse food insecurity will sufer more serious consequences from extreme situations such as the one experienced during the pandemic. The ranking established directs international
organizations¿ attention to countries such as Haiti, Zambia and Burundi, highlighting their greater need for an injection of fnancial aid than other emerging economies. Conversely, Switzerland is the country with the lowest combined risk., Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work was supported by: Grant RTI2018-093791-B-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF A way of making Europe.

[EN] The EU supports agricultural policies to help farmers meet the challenges of climate change (CC) by promoting more sustainable and environmentally friendly practices. This study focuses on the European primary sector (agriculture, forestry, and fisheries), productive activities that meet humanity¿s basic needs, although this sector does not account for a dominant share of GDP. The analysis uses a panel data sample of 22 European countries for the period 2012¿2019, and seeks to answer the following research questions: Is there a direct relationship between agricultural innovation efficiency and the technological advances implemented? What effect do GHG emissions and innovation efficiency have on CC? Which agricultural practices have the greatest effect on the volume of GHG emissions? The results indicate that the European primary sector has registered an average rise in productivity of 4%, mainly driven by technological improvements. This underscores the need for agricultural innovation policies that focus not only on improving aspects related to technology but also on making better use of existing resources. In addition, the econometric models estimated confirm that efficiency levels are the most influential determinants of temperature change, while GHG emissions are primarily explained by their own historical values. Ultimately, research and development is a tool that can be used to curb CC, along with the proper use of land and fertilizers. There is thus a need to foster novel agricultural practices that help reduce emissions while ensuring the efficiency of the sector., Funding Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. Grant RTI2018-093791-B-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF A way of making Europe.

[EN] Digital transformation affects all stages of the agri-food value chain. Digitalisation is being combined with innovations and eco-innovations to gain a competitive advantage and ensure greater sustained competitiveness. However, not all technologies have been implemented in the same way and at the same pace by the different companies in the agri-food sector. The aim of this research is to identify the internal and external drivers of digitalisation in agri-food companies and to develop a synthetic index to rank companies based on those drivers, before examining the relationship between the position in the ranking and innovation. The results reveal that the decisive drivers are management support and competitive pressure rather than external support from government policies or suppliers. Higher ranking companies in terms of the digitalisation process are more proactive in introducing product and radical innovations and are the most eco-innovative and thus sustainability-oriented. Finally, results show that the digitalisation of the sector is marked by the depth of technology implementation, specifically IoT, big data and artificial intelligence. Blockchain technology does not currently make a difference as it is not widely used., This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the FEDER Funds (EU) "Una manera de hacer Europa", through the RTI2018-093791-B-C21 and RTI2018-093791-B-C22 research projects.

[EN] The frequency of producers opting to abandon agricultural land has become increasingly, highlighting the sig-nificance of this phenomenon due to its environmental, landscape, and socio-economic impacts. The decisions of producers to abandon or maintain/improve their farms depend on individual and contextual factors. The aims of this research are twofold. Firstly, to evaluate the influence of the neighbours on the winegrowers' decisions, using spatial analysis. Secondly, to clarify the specific importance of each of the individual and contextual drivers in farmers' decisions to improve their farms, to keep them unchanged or to abandon them, using multilevel models. The results obtained for the case study of vineyards in Spain, reveal a strong agglomeration phenomenon in farmers' decisions indicating that producers make land use decisions influenced by what their neighbours do. A multilevel analysis identifies that individual factors are determinant and that the influence of contextual factors is conditioned by the innovation process at farm level. Individual drivers, such as size, innovation, Protected Designations of Origin and irrigation influence vineyard area, with irrigation having the greatest overall influence, and is expected to be decisive in climate change projections. The Protected Designations of Origin are driving forces that dynamize the territory and achieve productive concentrations, encouraging winegrowers to replant, but they are not enough to halt abandonment. The elements that slow down the abandonment of plots are irrigation and the combination of innovation and context variables, mainly the combination of modernised plots in the municipalities with trading options., Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain, European Regional Development Fund, European Commission. Project "Strengthening innovation policy in the agri-food sector" (RTI2018-093791-B-C22).

Digital transformation affects all stages of the agri-food value chain. Digitalisation is being combined with innovations and eco-innovations to gain a competitive advantage and ensure greater sustained competitiveness. However, not all technologies have been implemented in the same way and at the same pace by the different companies in the agri-food sector. The aim of this research is to identify the internal and external drivers of digitalisation in agri-food companies and to develop a synthetic index to rank companies based on those drivers, before examining the relationship between the position in the ranking and innovation. The results reveal that the decisive drivers are management support and competitive pressure rather than external support from government policies or suppliers. Higher ranking companies in terms of the digitalisation process are more proactive in introducing product and radical innovations and are the most eco-innovative and thus sustainability-oriented. Finally, results show that the digitalisation of the sector is marked by the depth of technology implementation, specifically IoT, big data and artificial intelligence. Blockchain technology does not currently make a difference as it is not widely used., This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the FEDER Funds (EU) “Una manera de hacer Europa”, through the RTI2018-093791-B-C21 and RTI2018-093791-B-C22 research projects.

The frequency of producers opting to abandon agricultural land has become increasingly, highlighting the significance of this phenomenon due to its environmental, landscape, and socio-economic impacts. The decisions of producers to abandon or maintain/improve their farms depend on individual and contextual factors. The aims of this research are twofold. Firstly, to evaluate the influence of the neighbours on the winegrowers' decisions, using spatial analysis. Secondly, to clarify the specific importance of each of the individual and contextual drivers in farmers' decisions to improve their farms, to keep them unchanged or to abandon them, using multilevel models. The results obtained for the case study of vineyards in Spain, reveal a strong agglomeration phenomenon in farmers' decisions indicating that producers make land use decisions influenced by what their neighbours do. A multilevel analysis identifies that individual factors are determinant and that the influence of contextual factors is conditioned by the innovation process at farm level. Individual drivers, such as size, innovation, Protected Designations of Origin and irrigation influence vineyard area, with irrigation having the greatest overall influence, and is expected to be decisive in climate change projections. The Protected Designations of Origin are driving forces that dynamize the territory and achieve productive concentrations, encouraging winegrowers to replant, but they are not enough to halt abandonment. The elements that slow down the abandonment of plots are irrigation and the combination of innovation and context variables, mainly the combination of modernised plots in the municipalities with trading options., Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain, European Regional Development Fund, European Commission. Project “Strengthening innovation policy in the agri-food sector” (RTI2018-093791-B-C22). And the authors acknowledge the support received from the Universitat Politècnica de València through the research project “Young people and social and organizational innovation in areas with demographic risk” integrated in the research line "Socio-economic analysis of innovation in sustainable agri-food systems (SAS)" and the Universidad Pública de Navarra through the research project 2022 PRO-UPNA 11504.

15 Pág., Aim of study: Governance and the knowledge and innovation system (KIS) are interrelated concepts. Knowledge management best practices are linked to KIS performance. This article explores the governance of the leading research, development, and innovation institutes in Ibero-American agriculture, food, and agro-industry sector. The paper reports mapping of the governance of 20 agricultural research institutes. Area of study: Latin America and the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal. Material and methods: In total, 51 strategic objectives for effective governance were identified. Self-evaluation by the National Agricultural Research Institutes (NARIs) was validated at a workshop backed by FONTAGRO, a cooperation mechanism amongst Latin American and the Caribbean countries, Portugal and Spain, and the Ibero-American Network of NARIs. Main results: As a strength, the key dimension of NARIs appears to be coordination and cooperation. This result was acknowledged in the internal and external evaluations and supports previous research on the relevance of innovation networks in Latin America. By contrast, as a challenge, the key dimension appears to be demand articulation, followed closely by capacity building. Most of the institutes are also well-positioned to develop deeper ties with social and environmental challenges. Research highlights: In the medium and long term, NARIs should make efforts to improve the processes of organizational evaluation and learning, demand articulation, and strategic direction of the institutions. Improvement in management processes, in addition to best practices for social responsibility and gender equality, appear to be short-term priorities., American Development Bank and the Knowledge Partnership Korea Fund for Technology and Innovation (KPK). Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain and ERDF (European Commission). RTI2018-093791-B-C22 Authors’ are grateful to Dr. Rocio Lansac and Dr. Jo-se-Luis Alonso-Prados for their coordination of the in-formation collection stage and specific comments to previous drafts., Peer reviewed