Resultados de investigación

We sampled 15 individuals along a random transect with a length proportional to each fragment size (i.e. 225 individuals across fragments). The individuals sampled represent the relative abundances of the plant species in each fragment. Fungal DNA was extracted of the roots of each plant individual. All analyses were performed in the free software environment R version 3.5.2. R Core Team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. 2013, (2015)., R code (R v. 3.5.2) to perform the simulations to assess whether the rewiring of mycorrhizae interactions is phylogenetically conserved (i.e. the non-preferred hosts tend to be close relatives to the preferred hosts)., Impacto de la fragmentación del hábitat en la diversidad de hongos MA en ecosistemas de yesos como indicador de vulnerabilidad al cambio climático (CGL2013-42312-R), Peer reviewed

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA., [EN] In Spanish farmland areas, the European rabbit can cause considerable crop damage. Tensions typically emerge between farmers who advocate rabbit reduction and hunters who wish healthy rabbit populations for shooting. In this study, we used in-depth interviews and small group discussions with farmers, hunters and representatives of the governmental environmental agencies to assess their positions in this conflict. Our results showed that this conflict is characterised by tensions between and within groups, and influenced by leadership, distrust and past decision-making issues, and differences in beliefs among groups. Positions of farmers and hunters are also relatively rigid, which may make difficult their engagement in collaborative processes. To be effective, such processes need that local leaders are empowered and likely also that external neutral mediators are involved., Our research was conducted in two study areas: Campiña Sur de Córdoba (CSC) in Andalusia, southern Spain, and Alt Camp de Tarragona (ACT) in Catalunya, northern Spain. CSC and ACT comprise 11 and 23 municipalities, respectively, the former being larger than the latter (1100 km2 vs. 538 Km2) and including more inhabitants (105,000 vs. 44,000 inhabitants). These areas were selected due to similarities in the global context regarding rabbit damage to crops. The presence of vineyards is notable in both areas and there is significant rabbit damage to vineyards in both., In this study, we used qualitative techniques to understand perspective and views of the main stakeholders involved: farmers, hunters, and people working for governmental agencies in charge of wildlife management. Participants were selected using contact information provided by key informants in both study areas (snow-ball sampling). The total number of participants was 55. We used personal interviews to gather the opinion of key informants; i.e. managers in relevant farming associations, game managers and people working for environmental agencies. To assess the opinion of “regular” hunters and farmers, we used small discussion groups with three or four participants. To avoid the risk that an “opinion leader” may dominate the conversation in a discussion group, the moderator managed this potential limitation through promoting the participation of the most reticent people., Interviews and small discussion groups were conducted between 15th October and 16th December 2015. We stopped data collection when we observed that no new key themes emerged with further data. Both the interviews and the small discussion groups were conducted in such a way that a space was created for the open expression of the positions and criteria of the interviewees, that is, in a non-directive and conversational manner. The interviews and small discussion groups were conducted following a script of issues to be addressed, but it was adapted to the characteristics of the participants and the own development of the interviews and discussion groups. The script addressed participants’ perceptions about rabbit populations and rabbit damage to crops both in the recent past and when the survey was done and their perceptions and opinions about rabbit management conducted in the study area. In addition, it also dealt with the relationships between stakeholders involved in the problems caused by rabbit damage to crops as well as with participants’ attitudes towards other collectives or groups. Participants were guaranteed the mutual confidentiality and anonymity of the opinions expressed. Their express consent was obtained for participation in this study, which was done in compliance with both the Spanish and European legislations in terms of data privacy (Spanish Organic Law 3/2018; European Regulation 2016/679). Interview duration ranged between 15 and 120 minutes, while groups ranged between 45 and 150 minutes. Both were digitally recorded and transcribed. Data from interviews and small groups were analyzed jointly since both addressed the same key issues and had the same informative and opinion nature. Data analysis consisted of reading iteratively each text to identify main ideas and topics, pursuing an understanding and sociological interpretation of the data, checking interpretations among co-authors to create added awareness of certain dimensions in the data, and thus to identify properly the main themes., In order to ensure full protection of participants’ privacy and compliance with Spanish law of data protection (i.e. Royal Decree-Law 5/2018, of July 27th, on urgent measures for adaptation of Spanish Law to European Union regulations on data privacy), raw data is not made publicly available. Instead, a summary of raw data is shown and the information is anonymized and those parts that could give rise to the recognition of any of the participants have been eliminated, thus respecting confidentiality, [ES] En las zonas agrícolas españolas, el conejo europeo puede causar daños considerables a los cultivos. Las tensiones suelen surgir entre los agricultores, que abogan por la reducción de la población de conejos, y los cazadores, que desean disponer de un número elevado de conejos para cazar. En este estudio utilizamos entrevistas en profundidad y grupos de discusión reducidos con agricultores, cazadores y representantes de la administración ambiental y agrícola para evaluar sus posiciones en este conflicto. Nuestros resultados muestran que este conflicto se caracteriza por tensiones tanto inter como intragrupales, y está influenciado por el liderazgo, la desconfianza y los problemas de toma de decisiones pasadas, y las diferencias de creencias entre los distintos colectivos. Los posicionamientos de los agricultores y cazadores también son relativamente rígidos, lo que puede dificultar su participación en procesos de colaboración. Para ser efectivos, tales procesos necesitan que los líderes locales estén empoderados y probablemente también que participen mediadores externos neutrales., Nuestra investigación se llevó a cabo en dos áreas de estudio: Campiña Sur de Córdoba (CSC) en Andalucía, sur de España, y Alt Camp de Tarragona (ACT) en Catalunya, norte de España. CSC y ACT comprenden 11 y 23 municipios, respectivamente, siendo el primero más grande que el segundo (1100 km2 frente a 538 km2) e incluyendo más habitantes (105.000 frente a 44.000 habitantes). Estas áreas fueron seleccionadas debido a similitudes en el contexto global con respecto al daño de los conejos a los cultivos. La presencia de viñedos es notable en ambas zonas y existe igualmente un importante daño por conejos en los viñedos en ambas comarcas., En este estudio, utilizamos técnicas cualitativas para comprender la perspectiva y los puntos de vista de los principales actores involucrados: agricultores, cazadores y personas que trabajan en la administración vinculadas a la gestión de la vida silvestre. Los participantes fueron seleccionados utilizando la información de contacto proporcionada por informantes clave en ambas áreas de estudio (muestreo de bola de nieve). El número total de participantes fue de 55. Utilizamos entrevistas personales para recabar la opinión de informantes clave; es decir, representantes de organizaciones agrarias relevantes, gerentes de cotos de caza y personas que trabajan en la administración. Para evaluar la opinión de los cazadores y agricultores, utilizamos pequeños grupos de discusión con tres o cuatro participantes. Para evitar el riesgo de que un “líder de opinión” pueda dominar la conversación en un grupo de discusión, el moderador manejó esta potencial limitación promoviendo la participación de las personas más reticentes., El conjunto de entrevistas y grupos de discusión se desarrolló entre el 15 de octubre y el 16 de diciembre de 2015. La recopilación de datos se detuvo cuando observamos que no surgían nuevos temas clave o relevantes para el objeto de estudio. Tanto las entrevistas como los pequeños grupos de discusión se realizaron de tal manera que se creó un espacio para la expresión abierta de las posiciones y criterios de los entrevistados, es decir, de manera no directiva y conversacional. Las entrevistas y los pequeños grupos de discusión se realizaron siguiendo un guion de temas a tratar, pero se adaptó a las características de los participantes y al propio desarrollo de las entrevistas y grupos. El guion abordó las percepciones de los participantes sobre las poblaciones de conejos y el daño producido a los cultivos, tanto en el pasado reciente como cuando se realizó la encuesta, y sus percepciones y opiniones sobre el manejo de conejos realizado en las áreas de estudio. Además, también se trataron las relaciones entre los colectivos involucrados en los problemas causados por el daño de los conejos a los cultivos, así como las actitudes de los participantes hacia otros grupos. Se garantizó a los participantes la confidencialidad y el anonimato de las opiniones expresadas. Se obtuvo su consentimiento expreso para participar en este estudio, el cual se realizó en cumplimiento de la legislación tanto española como europea en materia de privacidad de datos (Ley Orgánica 3/2018; Reglamento Europeo 2016/679). La duración de las entrevistas osciló entre los 15 y los 120 minutos, mientras que los grupos variaron entre 45 y 150 minutos. Ambos fueron grabados y transcritos digitalmente. Los datos de las entrevistas y grupos se analizaron de forma conjunta, ya que ambos abordaron los mismos temas clave y tenían el mismo carácter informativo y de opinión. El análisis de datos consistió en la lectura iterativa de cada texto para identificar las ideas y temas principales, buscando una comprensión e interpretación sociológica de los datos, verificando las interpretaciones entre los coautores para crear una mayor conciencia de ciertas dimensiones en los datos y así identificar adecuadamente los temas principales., Con el fin de garantizar la plena protección de la privacidad de los participantes y el cumplimiento de la ley española de protección de datos (es decir, el Real Decreto-ley 5/2018, de 27 de julio, de medidas urgentes para la adaptación de la legislación española a la normativa de la Unión Europea sobre privacidad de datos), los datos brutos no se ponen a disposición del público. En cambio, se muestra un resumen de los datos brutos y se anonimiza la información y se eliminan aquellas partes que pudieran dar lugar al reconocimiento de alguno de los participantes, respetando así la confidencialidad., We acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Science Ministry (MINECO) through project CGL2013-43197-R; and from Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) through PII-201810I026., La información contenida en el fichero de datos se estructura de la siguiente forma: Comarca Alt Camp (Tarragona) -Entrevistas y grupos de discusión cazadores, agricultores y administración Comarca Campiña Sur (Córdoba) -Entrevistas y grupos de discusión cazadores, agricultores y administración, Con objeto de asegurar la completa protección de la privacidad de los participantes en las entrevistas y cumplir con la legislación española de protección de datos (p.ej. RD 5/2018, de27 de julio, sobre medidas urgentes de adaptación de la legislación española a la regulación de la UE sobre la privacidad de datos), los datos brutos de las entrevistas no se ponen a disposición del público. En su lugar, se muestra un resumen de los datos brutos, se anonimiza la información y se eliminan aquellas partes que pudieran dar lugar al reconocimiento de alguno de los participantes, respetando así la confidencialidad., No

TIC-MOC Cruise (29HE20150305) carried out on the Research Vessel Hespérides in 2015, TIC-MOC Tipping Corners in the Meridional Overturning Circulation. The principal objective of the cruise is to characterize the dynamics of the encountering of the Brazil and Malvinas Currents in the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence region. Specific objectives include the characterization of the water masses arriving to the confluence region, the description of the transformations experienced by these water masses , the definition of the frontal systems, the computation of water and property balances, and a description of the principal biogeochemical processes. During the TIC-MOC cruise we will make several stops at specific points (hydrographic stations) to collect data that will allow us to characterize this frontal system. In the hydrographic stations, measurements of physicochemical parameters (speed, temperature, salinity, and turbidity, all depending on the pressure) and biogeochemical (fluorescence, nutrients and dissolved oxygen) will be made. To do this, a rosette will be lowered to the bottom for taking samples of water at 24 depths, together with a CTD (measurements with high vertical resolution of salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, fluorescence and turbidity) and LADCP (measurements of the velocity of the Water). The samples of water that we will collect will be used for the determination of inorganic nutrients, microbial respiration, carbon and particulate and dissolved organic nitrogen, particulate and total organic phosphorus

MAFIA Cruise (29HE20150403) carried out on the Research Vessel Hespérides in 2015, Migrants and Active Flux In the Atlantic Ocean-MAFIA. In the ocean there is a set of organisms that perform vertical migrations, with daily periodicity. These are organisms of zooplankton and micronecton (mainly small fish and crustaceans), which during the hours of light occupy the dark region of the ocean and at night migrate to the layers closest to the surface. These animals play a very important role in marine trophic chains, since they are the food of large migrating fish, birds and marine mammals. Its role in the oceanic carbon flux is just what we have been studying in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.The main objective of the Project is to estimate the active flux in warm waters with a global perspective. We propose two cruises during winter-spring and autumn covering the subtropical, tropical and equatorial zones of the Atlantic Ocean . Fifteen oceanographic stations will be performed along a transect from the Canary Islands to the equivalent latitude in the South Atlantic Ocean. Oceanographic features will be studied thought CTD-rosette casts perfomed in all the stations, and plankton and micronekton abundances and distribution patterns will be analyzed through samples taken from the neuston to the bathypelagic zone in selected stations (upwelling and oligotrophic regions)

PHARMADEEP Cruise (29HE20151213) carried out on the Research Vessel Hespérides in 2015, PharmaDEEP ("New pharmaceuticals from the deep Antarctic"). The specific aims of PharmaDeep are to: (a) Collect marine organisms from deep-and-cold-water habitats that may be unique sources of natural products for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. (b) Perform the first marine biological survey of the unique habitat, the South Shetland Trough. (c) Compare and contrast the SST fauna and drivers of distribution with other trench ecosystems. (d) Investigate the recent geological environment including sea-bed geomorphology and composition as well as glacial and interglacial cycles

SHAKE Cruise (29SG20150423) carried out on the Research Vessel Sarmiento de Gamboa in 2015, The SHAKE cruise consists in a 30-day in situ investigation using underwater vehicles (AUV and ROV) to survey the active seismogenic faults of the Eastern Alboran Sea (Carboneras Fault, N-S Fault system, Al Idrissi Fault and Yusuf Fault), located at the SE Iberian and NE Moroccan margins. These fault systems have been well characterized (i.e. geometry and kinematics, seismostratigraphy, seismic potential) during previous national and European projects. In the frame of the ongoing Spanish project SHAKE we have been allocated shiptime onboard the Spanish RV “Sarmiento de Gamboa” (SdG) to carry out a in situ marine paleoseismic investigation of active faults and its associated processes. The first part of the cruise (Leg 1: 23 April-13 May; 21 days) will be devoted to acoustic seafloor investigation (i.e. micro-bathymetry, sub-bottom profiler) to search for surface ruptures and on-fault / near-fault co-seismic seafloor deformation using the AUVs “AsterX” and “IdefX” (IFREMER, France) obtained in the frame of an OFEG exchange collaboration. The second part of the cruise (Leg 2: 16 May to 22 May, 7 days), will be devoted to a direct visual seafloor exploration and sampling of selected sites (i.e. scarps related to earthquake ruptures, fluid venting and associated habitats) using the ROV “Max Rover” (HCMR, Greece) in the frame of the IRIS project granted in EuroFleets-2

CHIANTI-1 Cruise (29SG20150712) carried out on the Research Vessel Sarmiento de Gamboa in 2015, The CHIANTI-1 cruise aims to study the deep structure of the system formed by the subduction of the Ionian plate south of the Arch of Calabria and the volcanic arc of the Aeolian Islands and the extension basins transplant Marsili and Vavilov arc, in the Tyrrhenian Sea. For this method of seismic refraction and wide angle reflection they will be used mainly by deploying a total of 67 ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) in the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ionian Sea. These data were supplemented with data from multibeam bathymetry and sediment profiler

CHIANTI-2_LEG3 Cruise (29SG20150804) carried out on the Research Vessel Sarmiento de Gamboa in 2015, The Chianti cruise aims at studying the tectonic structure of the Ionian region using geophysical methods. The cruise has collected multichannel seismic reflection streamer data along with multi beam and sub-bottom profiler records to analyze the distribution of faults and the history of sedimentation to determine which structures are active and may have a potential relation to large or great earthquakes in the regions

CHIANTI-2_LEG4 Cruise (29SG20150818) carried out on the Research Vessel Sarmiento de Gamboa in 2015, The CHIANTI Leg 4 Cruise aimed at understanding the geological processes resulting in geohazards in the Tyrrhenian Sea and their relationship with the deeper tectonic structure. Particulary, the cruise investigated basin-scale sediment dynamics and active geologic processes at the origin of geohazards and their sedimentary record

MEGAN Cruise (29SG20150921) carried out on the Research Vessel Sarmiento de Gamboa in 2015, As the main observational tool of the MEGAN project, the main cruise (21 September-11 October onboard “B/O Sarmiento de Gamboa”) will provide data and samples to analyse the core objectives of the project, namely the characterization of rich coastal areas in the region and investigate its connections, as well as the transport of rich coastal waters to Alboran Sea. The results of cruise registers and samples analyses will improve the present numerical models and serve as a basis to propose new prediction tools. In order to accomplish a adequate sampling, the Cruise will include :Launch and monitoring of several drift buoys from Trafalgar to Alboran Sea, (ii) Characterization of the coastal Trafalgar Cape area including a whole tidal/daily cycles observation (“Trafalgar phases” both in neap and spring tides conditions), (iii) ADCP registers of currents fields in the area to reveal main patterns, fluxes, coast to channel transports, dynamics of the Atlantic Jet entering the Mediterranean and tidal related pulses mainly, (iv) A particular study of transports through the Strait by means of Sectional Transect in the narrowest section (N-S continuous registers during 24 h both in neap and spring times, called “Transversal Section phase”), (v) a Lagrangian monitoring of water properties on the jet performed with CTD casts coupled to drift buoys paths and (vi) Daily cycles studies in coastal habitats (Trafalgar, Camarinal, NW Alboran upwelling region) and on the center of the anticiclonic gyre in Western Alboran. Project I will analyse biogeochemical samples (inorganic nutrients, pigment composition and abundance, organic compounds related to plankton activity, characterization of planktonic community (from pico to mesoplankton) and plastics distribution and estimated fluxes to Mediterranean.) as well as complementary survey on apical predators (seabirds and cetacean by direct observation) Project II will mainly analyse currents by ADCP, behaviour of drift buoys, analyses on termosalinograph data, satellite and present models relation, turbulence profiles in the area and meteorological data analyses. They are also responsible of the core of hydrodynamical models tools, widely used to in situ permanent design of sampling