Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has been proposed as a potential technology to mitigate climate change. However, there is currently a huge gap between the current global deployment of this technology and that which will be ultimately required. Whilst CO2 can be captured at any geographic location, storage of CO2 will be constrained by the geological storage potential in the area the CO2 is captured. The geological storage potential can be evaluated at a very high level according to the tectonic setting of the target area. To date, CCS deployment has been restricted to more favourable tectonic settings, such as extensional passive margin and post-rift basins and compressional foreland basins. However, to reach the adequate level of deployment, the potential for CCS of regions in different tectonic settings needs to be explored and assessed worldwide. Surprisingly, the potential of compressional basins for carbon storage has not been universally evaluated according to the global and regional carbon emission distribution. Here, we present an integrated source-to-sink analysis tool that combines comprehensive, open-access information on basin distribution, hydrocarbon resources and CO2 emissions based on geographical information systems (GIS). Compressional settings host some of the most significant hydrocarbon-bearing basins and 36% of inland CO2 emissions but, to date, large-scale CCS facilities in compressional basins are concentrated in North America and the Middle East only. Our source-to-sink tool allows identifying five high-priority regions for prospective CCS development in compressional basins: North America, north-western South America, south-eastern Europe, the western Middle East and western China. We present a study of the characteristics of these areas in terms of CO2 emissions and CO2 storage potential. Additionally, we conduct a detailed case-study analysis of the Sichuan Basin (China), one of the compressional basins with the greatest CO2 storage potential. Our results indicate that compressional basins will have to play a critical role in the future of CCS if this technology is to be implemented worldwide., This research was performed within the framework of DGICYT Spanish Projects CGL2015-66335-C2-1-R and PGC2018-093903-B-C22, Grup Consolidat de Recerca “Geologia Sedimentària” (2017-SGR-824), and was also funded by the China Scholarship Council (CSC) (201806450043). JA received funding by EIT Raw Materials – SIT4ME Project (17024) and is now funded by MICINN (Juan de la Cierva fellowship - IJC2018-036074-I). EGR acknowledges funding by the AGAUR (Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca) of the Generalitat de Catalunya (“Beatriu de Pinós” fellowship 2017SGR-824) and the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (“Ramón y Cajal” fellowship RYC2018-026335-I). GJ is funded by the University of Strathclyde Faculty of Engineering., Peer reviewed

Fluvial fans represent one of the dominant sedimentary systems at the active margins of non-marine foreland basins. The Puig-reig anticline at the north-eastern margin of the Ebro Foreland Basin (SE Pyrenees, Spain) exposes continuous outcrops of Late Eocene-Early Oligocene fluvial deposits, from proximal to medial fluvial fan environments. The proximal deposits are found in the north limb of the anticline, especially in the northwest zone. These deposits are characterised by conglomerates with minor interbedded sandstones, with thick and wide sheet-like geometries with unscoured or variably scoured basal surfaces. These are interpreted to be the deposits of unconfined flash floods and wide-shallow channel streams. The medial deposits, covering the rest of the anticline, consist of interbedded conglomerates, sandstones and claystones. These are interpreted to have been deposited from braided to meandering channel streams and overbank areas. Distal deposits are found towards the south, beyond the anticline, and are characterised by sandstone and clay deposits of terminal lobes and lacustrine deltas. This study assesses the impact of the primary depositional characteristics, diagenesis and deformation of the most heterolithic portion of the system, with implications for increasing our understanding of folded fluvial reservoirs. Diagenetic processes, mainly mechanical compaction and calcite cementation, resulted in overall low intergranular porosity, with limited relatively high porosity developed in sandstone lithofacies in the medial deposits. Deformation associated with thrusting and fold growth resulted in the formation of abundant fractures, with relatively high fracture intensities observed in sandstone lithofacies in the anticline crest. This study shows that post-depositional processes can both improve and diminish the reservoir potential of basin proximal fluvial deposits, through the development of fracture networks and by compaction-cementation. The comparison of the Puig-reig anticline with other similar settings worldwide indicates that foreland basin margin locations may be potential areas for effective reservoirs, even in the case of low intergranular porosity., Funding was provided by the Catalan Council to the Grup Consolidat de Recerca “Geologia Sedimentària” (2017SGR-824) and the DGICYT Spanish Project PGC2018-093903-B-C22. XS acknowledges funding by the China Scholarship Council for a PhD scholarship (201806450043). JA is funded by MICINN (Juan de la Cierva fellowship - IJC2018-036074-I). EGR acknowledges funding provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (“Ramón y Cajal” fellowship RYC2018-026335-I)., Peer reviewed

X Congreso Geológico de España, 5-7 Julio 2021, Vitoria - Gasteiz, Como mineral autigénico predominante, el cemento de calcita tiene un efecto muy significativo en la potencial calidad como reservorio del anticlinal de Puig-Reig, que constituye un excelente análogo para el estudio de la distribución de cementos en diferentes facies sedimentarias gracias a la cantidad y calidad de los afloramientos. Tras un exhaustivo estudio estratigráfico y de recogida muestras, se han realizado análisis petrográficos con microscopio óptico y de cátodo-luminiscencia de facies y sus cementos. Se han identificado dos generaciones principales de cementación calcítica que se desarrollaron durante y después del crecimiento del anticlinal, aunque la mayor parte del cemento cristalizó de manera simultánea a su formación. La distribución del cemento está controlada por la posición estructural dentro del pliegue y por las facies y litofacies de la roca encajante. Los depósitos de canales fluviales en la cresta del anticlinal, de grano especialmente grueso, tienden a desarrollar más cementación. Es necesario profundizar en el estudio de las características de la cementación de calcita para producir mejores estimaciones sobre la calidad de los reservorios y para guiar las actividades de exploración relacionada con los hidrocarburos o el almacenamiento geológico de CO2 en estructuras subterráneas similares., As the most prevalent authigenic mineral, calcite cement exerts a significant effect on reservoir quality of the Puig-reig anticline, which is an excellent outcrop analogue to study calcite cement distribution due to good and continuous exposure. After stratigraphic logging and rock sampling, two major generations of calcite cementation have been identified using petrographic observations under optical and cathodoluminescence microscopes. They formed during and after anticline growth, respectively. Most calcite cement formed simultaneously with the anticline. Calcite cement distribution is controlled by the structural position of sediments in the fold and also by host sedimentary facies and lithofacies. Fluvial channel deposits of the anticline crest, especially relatively coarse deposits, tend to host more calcite cement. A more detailed study on calcite cementation is required to predict high-quality reservoirs and further guide petroleum exploration or carbon storage in similar subsurface structures., Funding was provided by the Grup Consolidat de Recerca “Geologia Sedimentària” (2017SGR-824) and the DGICYT Spanish Project PGC2018-093903-B-C22. XS acknowledges funding by the China Scholarship Council for a PhD scholarship (201806450043). EGR acknowledges funding provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (“Ramón y Cajal” fellowship RYC2018-026335-I). JA is funded by MICINN (Juan de la Cierva fellowship - IJC2018-036074-I)

This data set contains the output files with the crystal orientation of each simulation presented in the article Can changes in deformation regimes be inferred from crystallographic preferred orientations in polar ice? https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-2009-2022 in this repository http://hdl.handle.net/10261/270644 (run using the open-source software platform ELLE; Bons et al., 2008). For the visualization of the crystallographic preferred orientation the information contained in these output files can be loaded to the software toolbox MTEX (Bachmann, F., Hielscher, R. and Schaeben, H. Grain detection from 2d and 3d EBSD data—Specification of the MTEX algorithm. Ultramicroscopy, 111(12), pp.1720-1733. 2011)., Beca Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación (IJC2018-036826-I), financiada por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. Beca Ramón y Cajal (RYC2018-026335-I), financiada por MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the FSE. Beca HFG no.VH-NG-802. Proyecto GeoCAM (PGC2018-095154-B-100), financiado por el Gobierno de España., Peer reviewed

Renewable energy sources are key to achieve the transition toward clean energy system. Among them, the geothermal energy has a production whose effectiveness requires sufficient understanding of the temperature distribution and fluid circulation at depth, as well as of the lithological and petrophysical properties of the crust. The focus of this paper is twofold: first, we summarize the main advances in the development of new methodologies and numerical codes to characterize the properties of the thermal lithosphere in terms of its, temperature, density and composition; second, based on the compilation of available thermal modelling results, we present the depth of the thermal Lithosphere–Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) of the Iberian Peninsula and the temperature distribution at crustal depths of 5, 10, and 20 km, in addition to at Moho level. At 5 km depth, the temperature is above 110 °C with local anomalies (> 130 °C) located in the Iberian Massif and Cenozoic volcanic provinces. A similar pattern is observed at 10 and 20 km depth, where temperatures are above 190 °C and 350 °C, respectively. At 20 km depth, anomalies above > 500 °C, delineate the SE and NE Cenozoic volcanic provinces. At Moho depths, temperature ranges from 450 to 800 °C with hot regions mainly located along the Iberian Massif and the SE and NE volcanic provinces. The compiled results do not show any lithospheric anomaly that could give rise to high temperatures at shallow depths, but they do show an acceptable exploitation potential at intermediate depths. With regard to the direct use of district and greenhouse heating and for industrial processes, the potential is great throughout the Peninsula, the main challenges being the availability of groundwater and drilling costs., This work has been supported by EVAMED (PID2020-118999GB-I00) and GEOCAM (PGC2018-095154-B-100) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Research Agency of Spain (AEI)/https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033.e). JA is funded by Grant IJC2018-036074-I and EGR by the Ramón y Cajal Fellowship RYC2018-026335-I, both funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN)/State Research Agency of Spain (AEI). Additional funding comes from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)/https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033.e., Peer reviewed

The analysis of folds within pebbles in conglomerates has been used to infer deformation events before deposition of the conglomerate. However, it is not clear whether folds can develop within pebbles during subsequent conglomerate deformation. We use numerical modelling to investigate folding within internally layered pebbles in a ductile deformation regime and simple shear deformation. We vary the initial orientation and rheology of the layers within pebbles, as well as the relative rheology of the conglomerate matrix, for single isolated pebbles and multiple interacting pebbles. We use a power-law viscous rheology for both the pebbles and their matrix. Folding within pebbles can indeed occur, but only within a narrow range of initial layer orientations, strength or viscosity ratio between the internal layers and that of the matrix relative to the pebble layers. Results are used to interpret the strongly deformed conglomerates from the Proterozoic Hutuo Group in the Wutai Mountains, North China Craton, that contain a small percentage of pebbles with internal folds. Based on field observations and numerical modelling results, we suggest that these formed during deformation of the conglomerate and do not represent inclusion of previously folded lithologies into the unit., Fieldwork by HR in the Wutai Mountains area, China was supported by the China Geological Survey (grant No. 12120114076401). Fieldwork by PDB was kindly supported by the Chinese University of Geosciences (Beijing). We appreciate the help for the fieldwork from Zhongbao Zhao, Changshun Wen, Chao Li and the constructive suggestions from Guoli Yuan and Zhongbao Zhao. HR thanks the financially support by the China Scholarship Council (CSC; No. 201506400014) and the China Geological Survey (grant No. DD20190465). EGR acknowledges funding by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (“Ramón y Cajal” fellowship RYC2018-026335-I). M.-G.L acknowledges the support of the Juan de la Cierva programme of the Government of Spain's Ministry for Science, Innovation and Universities (grants FJCI-2015-2417 and IJC2018-036826-I)., Peer reviewed

Olivine_code.m script in Matlab (MTEX) read the extract_xy_euler3 files, Peridotites, which primarily consist of olivine, are rocks located in the Earth's upper mantle. The mechanical behavior of the upper mantle is heavily influenced by this mineral. When the mantle undergoes flow, olivine experiences viscoplastic deformation, resulting in the development of crystallographic preferred orientations (CPO). Scientists can analyze the observed CPO in olivine-rich rocks to determine the direction of mantle flow. In this study, microdynamic numerical simulations are conducted on aggregates of olivine to investigate the effects of dynamic recrystallization during viscoplastic deformation on the microstructure and CPO. This dataset contains the output files of the simulations PT248, PT263 and PT345, using the viscoplastic fast Fourier transform (VPFFT, Lebensohn and Rollet, 2020) in conjunction with the ELLE modeling platform (Bons et al., 2008). For the visualization of the microstructures the information included in these output files can be launched using the software toolbox MTEX (Bachmann et al., 2011)., EGR acknowledges the support of the Ramón y Cajal fellowship (RYC2018-026335-I), funded by the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the FSE. MGL acknowledges the support of the Q2818002D project, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 by European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR., ELLE_PT248/extract_xy_euler3-1.txt to extract_xy_euler3-100.txt ELLE_PT263/extract_xy_euler3-1.txt to extract_xy_euler3-100.txt ELLE_PT345/extract_xy_euler3-1.txt to extract_xy_euler3-100.txt Olivine_code.m, Peer reviewed

DRX100/extract_xy_euler3-10.txt, extract_xy_euler3-20.txt extract_xy_euler3-30.txt extract_xy_euler3-33.txt extract_xy_euler3-40.txt extract_xy_euler3-50.txt extract_xy_euler3-60.txt extract_xy_euler3-67.txt extract_xy_euler3-70.txt extract_xy_euler3-80.txt extract_xy_euler3-90.txt extract_xy_euler3-100.txt extract_xy_euler3-110.txt extract_xy_euler3-120.txt extract_xy_euler3-1330.txt

ELLE200/extract_xy_euler3-10.txt, extract_xy_euler3-20.txt extract_xy_euler3-30.txt extract_xy_euler3-33.txt extract_xy_euler3-40.txt extract_xy_euler3-50.txt extract_xy_euler3-60.txt extract_xy_euler3-67.txt extract_xy_euler3-70.txt extract_xy_euler3-80.txt extract_xy_euler3-90.txt extract_xy_euler3-100.txt extract_xy_euler3-110.txt extract_xy_euler3-120.txt extract_xy_euler3-1330.txt

ELLE300/extract_xy_euler3-10.txt, extract_xy_euler3-20.txt extract_xy_euler3-30.txt extract_xy_euler3-33.txt extract_xy_euler3-40.txt extract_xy_euler3-50.txt extract_xy_euler3-60.txt extract_xy_euler3-67.txt extract_xy_euler3-70.txt extract_xy_euler3-80.txt extract_xy_euler3-90.txt extract_xy_euler3-100.txt extract_xy_euler3-110.txt extract_xy_euler3-120.txt extract_xy_euler3-1330.txt

ODF_EBSD_GB_halite.m, The way in which salt flows is highly heterogeneous and results in complex fabrics and structures. To improve our understanding of how halite deforms and recrystallizes under different conditions we performed full-field numerical modelling of polycrystalline aggregates of halite. The numerical approach is based on the coupling of the viscoplastic Full-Field Transform code (VPFFT, Lebensohn and Rollet, 2020) that simulates the viscoplastic deformation and multi-scale platform ELLE (Bons et al, 2008) that has enabled recrystallization processes such as recovery, nucleation and grain boundary migration. This data set This data set contains (i) the output files with the crystal orientation data of simulation DRX_100, DRX_200 and DRX_300, and (ii) a code to plot the crystallographic orientation density function (ODF) using the open-source code MTEX (Mainprice et al., 2011)., EGR acknowledges the support of the Ramón y Cajal fellowship (RYC2018-026335-I), funded by the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the FSE. MGL acknowledges the support of the Q2818002D project, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 by European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR., Peer reviewed

In this study a modus operandi to investigate site-specific nanostructures in thin films (lamellae) excavated “in-plane” across (sub)grain boundaries is presented. This is done by discussing the case of a magnetite grain hosted in a thin section of banded iron formation (Norway) that is prepared parallel to the kinematic reference frame (XZ section of the strain ellipsoid). SEM-EBSD analysis reveal that the magnetite grains do not develop a strong crystallographic preferred orientation, although individual grains are strained and show evidence of intracrystalline deformation in form of low angle grain boundaries (LAGB's). Two “in-plane” lamellae using focused ion beam (FIB) technique are excavated from a magnetite grain in the kinematic reference frame, and nanostructures are studied along three LAGB's using high resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging followed by Fourier transformation (FT), inverse FT and estimation of dislocation densities. Our data establish an empirical relationship for the studied LAGBs, namely, the smaller the angle between LAGB and X-direction, the larger are the shear strain and dislocation density. This relationship is validated from numerical simulations of viscoplastic deformation and dynamic recrystallisation of polycrystalline aggregates of halite, which is also a cubic mineral analogous to magnetite. In addition to the site-specific “in-plane” FIB lamella information, this study also shows that in a deformed mineral the different orientations of the LAGB compared to the principal strain axes show a different dislocation density. This approach of full tracking of the extension direction (X) from the macroscopic to the nano-scale could play an important role in forward modelling of microstructure evolution in future studies., This study is an outcome of a collaborative research project funded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (Germany) under its Research Group Linkage Program awarded to MAM, AK and CH. Amarnath Dandapat (Department of Geology and Geophysics, IIT Kharagpur, India) is thanked for preparing well-polished samples for EBSD analysis. Thanks to B. Priesemann (Helgeland Museum, Norway) for kindly providing the magnetite ore sample. Thanks are due to Niloy Bhowmik for helping with SEM-EBSD analysis at the Central Research Facility (IIT Kharagpur, India). We are grateful to Heike Störmer for helping with TEM analysis at the Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Karlsruhe, Germany). EGR acknowledges the Ramón y Cajal fellowship ( RYC 2018-026335-I ), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN)/State Research Agency of Spain (AEI)/European Social Fund ( 10.13039/501100011033 ), and the research project PID 2020-118999 GB-I00, also funded by the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033., Peer reviewed

Granitic rocks are ubiquitous worldwide in ancient and active tectonic settings, representing powerful sources of information about the Earth's past and present geodynamic behaviour. Numerous recent milestones fostering our knowledge of granites would have not been possible without a long-lasting, sometimes controversial, discussion on their origin and significance that has taken place over the last two centuries. Here we present a chronological review of how granites have been defined and interpreted in the context of the major theories that have successively governed the history of Earth Science. The main authors, scientific approaches, interpretations, and type-localities that have influenced knowledge about granitic rocks are summarized from the 18th and 19th centuries, when Earth Science was governed by the Neptunism, Plutonism and Uniformitarianism paradigms, to the acceptance of the Plate Tectonics theory and the very end of the magmatism vs. transformism debate in the late 20th century. Some of the most influential scientific advances in Earth Science, such as the invention of the polarizing microscope and the birth of geochemistry, as well as the role of schools of thought in these successive debates, are further discussed. Moreover, we review the recent and ongoing discussions on the mechanisms of magma generation, segregation, ascent and emplacement leading to the formation of granitic batholiths, as well as the observational, analytical, experimental, and numerical modelling approaches currently used for investigating granitic rocks. The history of granite science is classified into different periods of stasis or “normal” science, which were followed by scientific revolutions triggered by a growing number of inconsistencies. Our current understanding of granitic rocks is inevitably influenced by the preceding paradigms and disputes. Consequently, gathering and valuing the chronology, historical milestones, and overall evolution of ideas and theories on what granites are is crucial for the future directions of granite research., EGE acknowledges the funding provided by the Geological Society of London (GSL) Student Research Grants, by the PhD grants funded by Generalitat de Catalunya and the European Social Fund (2021 FI_B 00165 and 2022 FI_B1 00043), and by the “Consolidación Investigadora” Grant CNS2022–135819 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/50110001103. CPT acknowledges the PhD grant 2021 FISDU 00347 funded by Generalitat de Catalunya. EGR acknowledges the “Ramón y Cajal” fellowship RYC2018–026335-I (funded by the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and ESF Investing in your future), and the Consolidación Investigadora project CNS2023–145382 (funded by the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR”. This research was funded by the DGICYT Projects PID2021-122467NB-C22, PID2021-125585NB-I00, and PID2022-139943NB-I00 (MCIN/AEI/FEDER-UE/10.13039/501100011033), PID2020-118999GB-I00 (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), the “Modelitzacio Geodinamica de la Litosfera” (Generalitat de Catalunya, 2021 SGR 00410), “Sedimentary Geology” (Generalitat de Catalunya, 2021 SGR 00349), and “GEOXiS” (Generalitat de Catalunya, 2021 SGR 00262) Consolidated Research Groups, and the VolcPeG Research Group., Peer reviewed

The physicochemical signatures of fluid-rock interaction, recorded in fluid inclusions, represent fundamental proxies for understanding the interplay between rock deformation, fluid migration, and ore deposit formation in the Earth's crust. Although fluid-rock interaction can take place simultaneously or sequentially both in the basement and the cover of collisional orogens, these two scenarios are generally investigated separately, thus precluding an integrated understanding of the processes involved. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the fluid evolution in the basement and cover rocks of the Pyrenees (SW Europe) by means of Geographic Information System (GIS)-assisted petrography, microthermometry, Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), Raman micro-spectroscopy, and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) microanalysis of individual fluid inclusions. The investigated fluids are sampled from giant quartz veins, which are tens of meters wide and up to several kilometres long. Two-phase aqueous fluid inclusions hosted in the basement (Canigó and Cap de Creus massifs) and cover rocks (Roc de Frausa massif) show significant variations regarding their homogenization temperature (Th), salinity, and chemical composition. Basement-hosted H2O-NaCl-CaCl2 fluids have Th and salinity ranging between 190 and 220 °C and 12–16 wt% equivalent (eq.) NaCl in the Canigó massif, and between 190 and 260 °C and 16–20 wt% eq. NaCl in the Cap de Creus massif. Conversely, Th of 180–240 °C and salinity of 4–7 wt% eq. NaCl were obtained for H2O-NaCl cover rock-hosted fluids in the Roc de Frausa massif. Fluid salinity, cation concentrations, and halogen ratios suggest that basement-hosted fluids represent residual basinal brines that originated from seawater which underwent variable degrees of evaporation and organic matter interaction. In contrast, cover rock-hosted fluids represent seawater-like precursor fluids that record strong organic matter interaction without significant evaporative halogen fractionation. The data suggest that neither basement- nor cover-hosted fluids were released at depth from magmatic or metamorphic fluids, which agrees with geological constraints of the investigated areas. However, fluids from both basement and cover rocks infiltrated deep into the subsurface, as revealed by their variable metal and halogen concentration suggesting compositionally stratified fluid compositions at depth. Our data and conclusions differ from fluid inclusion studies reported for other giant quartz vein systems worldwide, suggesting that different fluid origins and evolution histories may drive the formation of these large quartz accumulations. Moreover, the large variations of the Br/Cl, I/Cl, and Br/I ratios show that halogen ratios should be used with caution: they are excellent tracers of the fluid evolution history, but may not provide a straightforward fluid origin classification., EGE acknowledges the funding provided by the Geological Society of London (GSL) Student Research Grants, the Fundació Universitaria Agustí Pedro i Pons, and the PhD grants funded by Generalitat de Catalunya and the European Social Fund (2021 FI_B 00165 and 2022 FI_B1 00043). TW acknowledges support from the German Research Foundation (DFG), infrastructure grant INST222/1401-1. EGR acknowledges funding provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (“Ramón y Cajal” fellowship RYC2018-026335-I, funded by MCIN/AEI/ /10.13039/501100011033/ESF). This work is a contribution to the Projects PID2021-122467NB-C22 and PID2021-125585NB-I00 (MCIN/AEI/FEDER-UE/10.13039/501100011033), PID2020-118999GB-I00 (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), CNS2023-145382 (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/EUNextGenerationEU/PRT) and to the Sedimentary Geology and Modelitzacio Geodinamica de la Litosfera Research Groups funded by AGAUR (2021 SGR 00349 and 2021 SGR 00410)., Peer reviewed

Metasomatism is a ubiquitous process in the Earth’s crust, exerting major controls on fluid, heat and mass transfer and rock deformation, and is commonly constituted by mineral replacement reactions. Different types of metasomatism may coexist and/or successively conceal each other in a given area. Deciphering the geochemical behaviour, regional extent and mineralogical changes of multi-stage metasomatism can be difficult because of the overprinting of successive events and their frequent relationship with deformation. Here, we investigate granitoid metasomatism, namely silicification, feldspathisation and sericitisation, in the Variscan basement rocks of the Canigó Massif (Eastern Pyrenees, SW Europe), which is spatially related to Giant Quartz Veins (GQVs) tens of metres wide and several kilometres long. Unaltered and altered granitic orthogneisses derived from Ordovician intrusives and late-Variscan granitoids, as well as GQV occurrences, are studied across scales through structural and textural characterisation, whole-rock geochemistry and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD). Geochemical analyses are further compared with a new database including more than 600 unaltered granite and orthogneiss samples from the Pyrenees and the Catalan Coastal Ranges (SW European Variscan Belt). Results show that silicification, the dominant metasomatic process, was related to regional-scale shear zones and contributed to form GQVs through mineral replacement. This is confirmed at the macro- (km), meso- (m–cm) and micro-scale (μm) by relict fabrics, mineral phases and structural features of the precursor rocks within veins, by a progressive depletion of all major and trace elements, except silica, in rocks sampled along decreasing distances from GQV outcrops, and by the localisation of mylonitic deformation along GQVs. Feldspathisation and sericitisation are, in contrast, restricted to specific sectors and exposed as albitite, trondhjemite and pale green mica-rich outcrops. It is suggested that most of the exposed areas of the studied GQVs are, accordingly, not veins sensu stricto but metasomatic products where the original fabrics and features of precursor rocks were overprinted during coupled deformation and Si-metasomatism. Results presented here have major implications for the scale and geochemical behaviour of multi-metasomatic events, as well as on the kinetics of mineral replacement processes leading to changes in the physicochemical properties of crustal rocks., This research was funded by the DGICYT Projects PID2021-122467NB-C22, PID2021-125585NB-I00 and PID2022-139943NB-I00 (MCIN/AEI/FEDER-UE/10.13039/501100011033), PID2020-118999GB-I00 (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), the ‘Modelització Geodinàmica de la Litosfera’ (Generalitat de Catalunya, 2021 SGR 00410), ‘Sedimentary Geology’ (Generalitat de Catalunya, 2021 SGR 00349) and ‘GEOXiS’ (Generalitat de Catalunya, 2021 SGR 00262) Consolidated Research Groups and the VolcPeG Research Group. EGE acknowledges the funding provided by the Geological Society of London (GSL) Student Research Grants, the PhD grants funded by Generalitat de Catalunya and the European Social Fund (2021 FI_B 00165 and 2022 FI_B1 00043). CPT acknowledges the PhD grant 2021 FISDU 00347 funded by Generalitat de Catalunya. EGR acknowledges funding provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (‘Ramón y Cajal’ fellowship RYC2018-026335-I). CA is grateful to the GEOXis Reseach Group (2021 SGR 00262) and the projects PID2020-117332GB-C21 (USAL) and PID2020-117332GB-C22 (UCM) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033., Peer reviewed

The assessment of the deep geothermal potential is an essential task during the early phases of any geothermal project. The well-known "Heat-In-Place" volumetric method is the most widely used technique to estimate the available stored heat and the recoverable heat fraction of deep geothermal reservoirs at the regional scale. Different commercial and open-source software packages have been used to date to estimate these parameters. However, these tools are either not freely available, can only consider the entire reservoir volume or a specific part as a single-voxel model, or are restricted to certain geographical areas. The 3DHIP-Calculator tool presented in this contribution is an open-source software designed for the assessment of the deep geothermal potential at the regional scale using the volumetric method based on a stochastic approach. The tool estimates the Heat-In-Place and recoverable thermal energy using 3D geological and 3D thermal voxel models as input data. The 3DHIP-Calculator includes an easy-to-use graphical user interface (GUI) for visualizing and exporting the results to files for further postprocessing, including GIS-based map generation. The use and functionalities of the 3DHIP-Calculator are demonstrated through a case study of the Reus-Valls sedimentary basin (NE, Spain).

Karst fills from the onshore Penedès Basin and offshore València Trough display red, pink, orange and ochre colours. Their Mössbauer spectra indicate that Fe contained in goethite is the dominant species in reddish-pink fills, whereas Fe contained in dolomite and clays is more dominant in the orange and ochre ones. The lower δ C values and higher Sr/ Sr ratios of the karst fills with respect to their host carbonates can reflect the input of soil-derived CO and an external radiogenic source into the karst system. This geochemical composition, together with the non-carbonate fraction of the fills, consists of authigenic and transported illite, illite-smectite interlayers, as well as kaolinite, chlorite, pyrite, quartz, ilmenite, magnetite, apatite and feldspar, account for a mixed residual-detrital origin of fills. This polygenic origin agrees with that of the terra rossa sediments described worldwide. The different colours of karst fills are attributed to fluctuations in the water table, which control the Eh/pH conditions in the karst system. Thus, reddish colours reflect low water table levels and oxidising episodes, and orange and ochre ones reflect high water table levels and more reducing episodes. The greenish colours of fills could be related to fluctuations in the Fe /Fe ratio.

This study investigates the geometries of fault-controlled dolostone geobodies and their structural and sequence stratigraphic controls, which provide new insights for the prediction and production of fault-controlled dolomitized hydrocarbon reservoirs. A very thick succession (.